0098444187825-ch01-lecture-ppt-a1-1.pptx

Chapter 1 Lecture

1. Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy & Physiology Tenth Edition Cinnamon Vanputte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom.  No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

2. Chapter 1 The Human Organism Lecture Outline

3. Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: investigates body structure the term means to dissect Physiology: investigates processes and functions Human Physiology: studies the human organism Systemic Physiology: studies body organ-systems Cellular Physiology: studies body cells

4. Importance of Anatomy and Physiology Understand how the body: responds to stimuli environmental changes environmental cues diseases injury

5. Types of Anatomy Systemic: studies body organ-systems Regional: studies body regions (medical schools) Surface: studies external features, for example, bone projections Anatomical imaging: using technologies (x-rays, ultrasound, MRI)

6. Structural and Functional Organization 1 Six levels from chemical to organism: Chemical: smallest level atoms, chemical bonds, molecules Cellular: cells: basic units of life compartments and organelles examples are mitochondria, nucleus Figure 1.1

7. Structural and Functional Organization 2 Tissues: group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release four broad types: Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Figure 1.1

8. Structural and Functional Organization 3 Organs: two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s) Examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney Figure 1.1

9. Structural and Functional Organization 4 Organ-System: group of organs contributing to some function for example, digestive system, reproductive system Figure 1.1

10. Structural and Functional Organization 5 Organism: all organ systems working together includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria Figure 1.1 ©Bart Harris/Getty Images

11. Structural and Functional Organization 6 Figure 1.1 1.1(6) ©Bart Harris/Getty Images

12. Major Organs of the Body Figure 1.2

13. Organ Systems of the Body 1 Figure 1.3

14. Organ Systems of the Body 2 Figure 1.3

15. Characteristics of Life 1 Organization: functional interrelationships between parts Metabolism: sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes Responsiveness: ability to sense and respond to environmental changes includes both internal and external environments

16. Characteristics of Life 2 Growth: can increase in size size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials Development: changes in form and size changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized— differentiation Reproduction: formation of new cells or new organisms generation of new individuals tissue repair

17. Homeostasis 1 Homeostasis: maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment Variables : measures of body properties that may change in value Examples of variables : body temperature heart rate blood pressure blood glucose levels blood cell counts respiratory rate

18. Homeostasis 2 Normal range: normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point Set point: normal, or average value of a variable Over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point Figure 1.4

19. Homeostasis 3 Set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted depending on body activities, as needed: Examples Common cause of change body temperature fever heart rate, blood pressure respiratory rate exercise

20. Homeostasis 4 Negative feedback is the main mechanism used homeostatic regulation. A negative feedback response involves: detection: of deviation away from set point and correction: reversal of deviation toward set point and normal range

21. Homeostasis 5 The components of feedback: Receptor: detects changes in variable Control center: receives receptor signal establishes set point sends signal to effector Effector: directly causes change in variable

22. Homeostasis 6 Figure 1.5

23. Negative Feedback Control of Body Temperature Figure 1.6

24. Homeostasis 7 Positive feedback mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response system response causes progressive deviation away from set point, outside of normal range not directly used for homeostasis some positive feedback occurs under normal conditions Example: childbirth generally associated with injury, disease negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain homeostasis

25. Homeostasis 8 Comparison of negative feedback and positive feedback Figure 1.7

26. Terminology and the Body Plan Anatomical position: person standing erect with face and palms forward all relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation Figure 1.8 ©Eric Wise

27. Directional Terms 1 Superior : above Inferior: below Anterior : front (also: ventral ) Posterior : back (also: dorsal ) Note: In four-legged animals, the terms ventral (belly) and dorsal (back) correspond to anterior and posterior in humans Figure 1.8 ©Eric Wise

28. Directional Terms 2 Medial : close to midline Lateral : away from midline Proximal : close to point of attachment Distal : far from point of attachment Superficial : structure close to the surface Deep : structure toward the interior of the body Figure 1.8 ©Eric Wise

29. Directional Terms 3 Figure 1.8 ©Eric Wise

30. Body Planes 1 Sagittal plane: separates the body into right and left parts Median plane: a sagittal plane along the midline that divides body into equal left and right halves Transverse plane: a horizontal plane that separates the body into superior and inferior parts. Frontal plane: a vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior parts. Figure 1.11 ©Eric Wise

31. Body Planes 2 Figure 1.11 (a) ©Eric Wise; (b,c,d) ©R. T. Hutchings

32. Planes of Section Through an Organ Figure 1.12

33. Body Regions Upper limbs : upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand Lower limbs : thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot Central region : head, neck, trunk Figure 1.9 ©Eric Wise

34. Body Parts and Regions 1 Figure 1.9 ©Eric Wise

35. Body Parts and Regions 2 Figure 1.9 ©Eric Wise

36. Subdivisions of the Abdomen Figure 1.10

37. Body Cavities 1 Thoracic cavity: space within chest wall and diaphragm contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea Mediastinum: space between lungs contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea Figure 1.13

38. Body Cavities 2 Abdominal cavity: space between diaphragm and pelvis contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys Pelvic cavity: space within pelvis contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine Figure 1.13

39. Serous Membranes 1 Line trunk cavities, cover organs Structure: visceral serous membrane covers organs parietal serous membrane is the outer membrane cavity - a fluid-filled space between the membranes Figure 1.14

40. Serous Membranes 2 Three sets of serous membranes and cavities: Membrane Cavity Pericardium around heart Pericardial cavity Pleura around lungs Pleural cavity Peritoneum around abdominopelvic cavity and its organs Peritoneal cavity

41. Pericardium and Pericardial Cavity Pericardium visceral pericardium covers heart parietal pericardium thick, fibrous pericardial cavity reduces friction Figure 1.15a

42. Pleura and Pleural Cavity Pleura visceral pleura covers lungs parietal pleura lines inner wall of thorax pleural cavity reduces friction adheres lungs to thoracic wall Figure 1.15b

43. Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Peritoneum visceral peritoneum covers, anchors organs double layers called mesenteries parietal peritoneum lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity peritoneal cavity reduces friction Figure 1.15c