01 Introduction to Preventive Medicine 2, Introduction to Epidemiology 1.pptx

Introduction to Preventive
Medicine 2, Introduction
to Epidemiology 1.pptx

1. School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology Name: Li Yang Phone: [phone] QQ: 527293391 Wechat: liyang527293391 self-introduction

2. Preventive medicine Chapter One：introduction Teaching object: International Clinical Medicine undergraduate class 2022 Class Time: October 16, 2024 (Wednesday 010203) Location: Room 305, Building 7

3. Teaching requirement 【 Knowledge objective 】 : To master the definition of preventive medicine; The composition and function of health; Determinants of health; Health ecological model; High-risk and population strategies for prevention; Tertiary prevention. Familiar with the new era of health and health work policy; The concept of a people-oriented integrated service model. Understand the major achievements and challenges in China's health work; Learn the significance of preventive medicine.

4. Teaching requirement 【 Ability objective 】 : To enable students to master the basic concepts and theories of preventive medicine; Cultivate students' concept of prevention. 【 Emotional goal 】 : To enable students to establish the concept of great health and great health, the focus should change from treating diseases as the center to people's health as the center, comprehensively implement the policy of prevention as the first, and strive to provide health and health services for the whole life cycle of the people.

5. Section one--- T he concept of preventive medicine and the model of health ecology Section two --- prevention strategies Section three --- The achievements of preventive medicine and the significance of learning Main content

6. T he concept of preventive medicine and the model of health ecology Section one 1 、Definition, characteristics and content of preventive medicine

7. An applied discipline of medicine that addresses individuals and defined groups with the aim of promoting and maintaining health and preventing disease, disability and early death. Definition of preventive medicine category Working object aim

8. The characteristics of preventive medicine Wholeness of thinking It emphasizes the application of the thinking mode of system theory, regards human health and its determinants as a whole, and provides "people-oriented integrated services". Pertinence of service Target prevention efforts at individuals and specific groups. Individuals: includes both patients who come to see a doctor and generally healthy individuals. Specific groups: can be a group defined by geographical region, a health problem such as a group of people with chronic diseases, a biological characteristic such as children, women, the elderly and other groups, a certain economic status such as poor groups.

9. The characteristics of preventive medicine Practical initiative Take the initiative to prevent problems before they happen. Empowerment: The ability to take control of your own health.

10. E pidemiology Medical statistics Clinical preventive services Community prevention service Health management Content of preventive medicine The basis of cause analysis and evaluation Ways to maintain the health of individuals and populations Effectively determine, implement and control costs

11. WHO ： " health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being , not merely the absence of disease and infirmity." (1948) "Health is a resource for daily living, not the goal of life. Health is a positive concept, which is not only the embodiment of an individual's physical qualities, but also a resource for society and the individual." (1986) Concept of health

12. Health is the ability to adapt and self-manage, including: Body: Physical and structural characteristics of an organism, including weight, vision, strength, coordination, tolerance, susceptibility to disease, and resilience Society : The ability of people to fulfil their potential and obligations, to manage their lives with some degree of independence even if they suffer from a number of illnesses, and to participate in all social activities, including work Psychological: including spirit, intelligence and emotional three aspects. Healthy composition

13. 身体 心理 社交 幸福 Healthy role The component of health is taking resources from the three dimensions of health and applying it to everyday life, that is, the role of health. Health is the ability to pursue and fulfill desires, meet needs, and change or deal with circumstances, thus becoming a resource for the pursuit of happiness. Health is a reflection of a person's ability to use the internal potential and external resources associated with the various dimensions of health in order to participate fully in activities that are beneficial to the life process. Health can make us more satisfied and happy with life, and produce a sense of well-being 预防医学（第 7 版）

14. Determinants of health and models of health ecology Determinants of health： Refers to the factors that determine the health status of individuals, groups and even people. 1. Socio-economic environment 2. Physical environment 3. Personal factors 4. Health services 预防医学（第 7 版）

15. Personal income and social status: Cultural background: Social support network: Education: Educational level Employment and working conditions: 1. Socio-economic environment 预防医学（第 7 版） Determinants of health

16. Physical environment refers to the environment of a central thing, which is formed by all the surrounding things related to the central thing, including physical, chemical, biological factors and built environment. 2. Physical environment Determinants of health

17. Environmental pollution Air pollution Soil pollution Water pollution Water pollution

18. Sea wave earthquake Natural disaster Volcanic eruption tornado

19. 3.Personal factors (1) Healthy infant development (2) Personal hygiene habits: smoking, alcoholism, unhealthy eating behaviors (3) Personal abilities and skills (4) Human biological characteristics and genetic factors: gender, age 预防医学（第 7 版） Determinants of health

20. carcinogenic Congenital stupidity teratogenesis Certain organisms Factor characteristics and genetic factors: such as chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, maternal age, etc

21. smoking intemperance Bad eating habits Lack of exercise Bad behavior lifestyle

22. 4. Health services Health services, especially health institutions with sound services such as maintaining and promoting health, preventing disease and injury, treatment and rehabilitation, complete and quality assurance service network, certain economic investment, fair and reasonable allocation of health resources, and ensuring the accessibility of services, play an important role in promoting population health. 预防医学（第 7 版） Determinants of health

23. health ecological model It is emphasized that individual and population health is the result of the interdependence and interaction of individual factors, health services, and material and social environmental factors, and these factors also depend on and restrict each other, and interact on multiple levels to affect individual and population health. 预防医学（第 7 版）

24. Social, economic, health, environmental conditions and political factors at the global, national and local levels Individual, family and community network personal Innate trait Living and working articles A person's actions The whole process of life 健康生态学模型 The health ecology model has three characteristics 1. Multiplicity 2. Interactivity 3. Multi-dimensional 预防医学（第 7 版）

25. Preventive strategy section 2

26. ---Natural history of disease: Refers to the whole process of disease from occurrence to outcome (death or recovery, etc.). There are several distinct stages: Healthy period; Pathological stage; Presymptomatic period, from the onset of the disease to the appearance of the first symptoms or signs; In the clinical stage, the body has obvious abnormalities in form or function, and thus the typical clinical manifestations appear; Outcome: The disease may progress to remission, recovery, disability, or death. Health promotion model and disease intervention model

27. Window of opportunity for prevention According to the natural history of the disease and the nature and amount of exposure to risk factors, the time leading to the occurrence of the disease is long and short, which provides us with the opportunity to prevent the disease, so it is called the window of opportunity for prevention .

28. According to the process of the occurrence and development of the disease and the characteristics of health factors, the corresponding preventive measures are taken at each stage of the disease before (susceptible period), during the disease (pre-onset period) and after the disease (onset period and return period). Tertiary prevention

29. Tertiary prevention Death health Early stage of disease Disease stage Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention R ecovery 预防医学（第 7 版）

30. 1. Primary prevention Primary prevention refers to preventive measures taken against causes: individual measures; Social and environmental measures to ensure the health of the population as a whole. In primary prevention, if preventive measures are taken before the agent of the disease has entered the environment, it is called fundamental prevention .

31. Primary prevention: etiological prevention Period: healthy period (or disease-free period), disease susceptibility period Target: healthy people Measures: Eliminate or control all kinds of harmful factors that harm health, reduce contact with harmful factors, or improve the body's resistance to prevent disease. Objective: To reduce the incidence Primary prevention should be given priority to diseases with clear etiology 1. Primary prevention

32. 1. Primary prevention (1) Social and environmental measures to ensure the health of the population as a whole Global prevention strategy Health co-governance: Health is integrated into all policies Environmental health: air, water and soil Occupational health Food hygiene Municipal construction and community environment Social environment: Healthy public policy

33. 1. Primary prevention (2) Measures for healthy individuals Personal health education, pay attention to proper nutrition and promote regular physical activity, cultivate a good way of life and behavior and mental health; Organize preventive vaccination to improve the level of population immunity and prevent diseases; Do pre-marital check-ups and prohibit marriage between close relatives to prevent hereditary diseases; Good health care during pregnancy and childhood; Individuals at high risk of certain diseases take drugs to prevent the occurrence of the disease, known as chemoprevention.

34. 2. Secondary prevention Do early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment in the early clinical stage of the disease to control the development and deterioration of the disease.

35. 2. Secondary prevention: preclinical prevention Stage : Early onset Target : early suspicious patients with no obvious clinical symptoms Measures: "three early" prevention of early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment, such as general survey, screening, regular health examination, inspection and monitoring of key projects of high-risk groups, and setting up specialized clinics. Objective: To control and slow down the development of the disease, promote the reversal of the disease, shorten the course of the disease and reduce the mortality.

36. 3. Tertiary prevention To take timely and effective treatment measures for those who have already suffered from certain diseases, to prevent the deterioration of their conditions and to prevent complications and disabilities; For those who have lost the ability to work or are disabled, it mainly promotes functional recovery, psychological rehabilitation, family nursing guidance, so that patients can recover their life and work ability as much as possible, and can participate in social activities and extend their life.

37. Tertiary prevention: clinical prevention or prevention during onset Period: onset period and relapse period Target: Patients with a clear diagnosis Measures: Timely and effective means of treatment and rehabilitation Objective: To prevent the deterioration of the disease, prevent complications and disability, improve the quality of life, and restore the physiological and social functions

38. Should tertiary prevention be emphasized in the prevention of different diseases? Why?

39. Every disease has its tertiary prevention measures Different types of disease, choose the appropriate prevention mode Infectious diseases: primary prevention Cancer: secondary prevention, and strive to achieve primary prevention

40. Tertiary prevention strategy 　 　 　 　 　 item　 Stage Target measure Objective Primary prevention Disease free period (pre-disease stage) Healthy people Specific susceptible groups Health promotion Special protection (Vaccines, etc.) Prevent or reduce Disease occurrence Secondary prevention preclinical (Early stage of disease) Early stage patients with no obvious clinical symptoms Early d etection Early d iagnosis Early treatment Prevent or slow down Disease development Tertiary prevention Clinical or convalescence Confirmed patient Heal sum Rehabilitation measures Prevent d isability, promote f unctional recovery,Improve the quality of life

41. 1. high-risk strategy of prevention High-risk strategies for prevention refer to preventive interventions for individuals at high risk of disease to reduce their risk of future disease. The advantage of adopting high-risk population strategy is that it focuses on the proximal end of the etiological chain, and the intervention has strong pertinence and obvious effect. 预防医学（第 7 版） High-risk strategies and population-wide strategies for prevention  

42. High-risk groups Individual risk factors: Behavioral patterns, health care Advantages: Highly targeted Obvious effect Low investment Easy to operate intervene Proximal factor Clinical staff to implement clinical preventive services High-risk strategies for prevention

43. 2. population strategy of prevention Population-wide strategies for prevention aim to reduce population-wide disease risk by intervening on the determinants of health that affect the whole population (the whole population), especially those at the far end of the chain of causes. Population-wide strategies intervene at the far end of the chain of causes (i.e., the causes behind the causes) to promote health and prevent disease, benefiting the whole population.

44. Whole population Social economy, policy, Physical environment and other factors Advantages: Long-lasting effect Benefit a wide range of people Cost effective Distal factor intervene Public health personnel implement community prevention services Population-wide strategies for prevention

45. A healthy life path and a people-oriented integrated service model 预防医学（第 7 版）

46. A healthy life path is a strategy to improve the effectiveness of health interventions by taking targeted measures based on the needs of key periods throughout life, such as pregnancy, infancy, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, starting from a healthy life. It focuses not only on a person's lifetime and the next generation in terms of time, but also on the multiple causes of group health from an ecological perspective, thereby enabling individuals and society as a whole to obtain high health and economic returns through timely health investments. 预防医学（第 7 版） Life course approach to health

47. In good health In poor health 0 years old Health risk factors Life course Health protective factor Health status Cumulative effects of health determinants on health 预防医学（第 7 版）

48. People-centered integrated care ， PCIC The people-centered integrated service model is a model that organizes service delivery according to the health needs of residents and their families. People-centred health services: involve patients, families and communities in the decision-making and implementation of health services as beneficiaries and participants, so that they have confidence in the health service system and that the health service system can provide services according to their needs and preferences in a humane and integrated manner. integrated care (also known as integrated health services) : It refers to the integration of various medical and health services, including health promotion, disease prevention, treatment, disease management, rehabilitation and hospice care, according to health needs, through the coordination of various health and medical institutions at all levels within the health system, so as to provide lifelong continuous services for service objects. 预防医学（第 7 版）

49. The achievements of preventive medicine and the significance of learning section 3

50. Achievements in preventive Medicine and public health Of the 30 years of increase in life expectancy in the United States in the 100 years from 1900 to 1999, 25 years can be attributed to preventive medicine and public health (83%).

51. 10 preventive measures to protect the health of the population in the United States from 1900 to 2000 Effective control of a wide range of vaccine-preventable diseases through planned immunization programmes; Motor vehicle safety measures, including the use of seat belts (or motorcycle helmets) and child safety seats, prohibition of drink driving and safe road construction, have significantly reduced the occurrence of road safety accidents; The construction of safe and healthy workplace can effectively control the occurrence of pneumoconiosis and occupational injury. Control of a number of infectious diseases through the provision of safe drinking water and the implementation of clean sanitation, as well as the use of antibiotics; Through tobacco control, early detection and early control of blood pressure, the death of coronary heart disease and stroke decreased significantly.

52. Provide safe and nutritious food, improve the nutritional status of the population, and improve the health of the population; Effective measures for maternal and child health have significantly reduced the infant mortality rate and maternal mortality rate; Family planning improves the quality of the population, but also effectively prevents the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS; Adding fluoride to drinking water can effectively prevent dental caries and other oral diseases. Understanding that smoking is harmful to health and taking control measures have effectively prevented the occurrence of tobacco-related diseases and deaths. 10 preventive measures to protect the health of the population in the United States from 1900 to 2000

53. Top 10 preventive measures to protect the health of the population in the United States from 2000 to 2010 Vaccine-preventable diseases: 20 million vaccine-preventable diseases and 42,000 deaths were prevented, saving $14 billion in direct costs and $69 billion in total social costs. Prevention of other infectious diseases: Through the improvement of prevention service capacity and technological progress, the occurrence of tuberculosis, blood-borne diseases, AIDS and other infectious diseases has been effectively controlled and reduced. Over the 10-year period, tuberculosis fell by 30% and blood-borne diseases by 58%. Tobacco control: In 10 years, adult and youth smoking rates decreased from 23.5% and 34.8% to 20.6% and 19.5%, respectively. Since tobacco use costs the United States $193 billion annually in economic losses (including direct medical costs and lost social productivity), even small gains can have large economic benefits.

54. Maternal and child health: The introduction of folic acid in cereals reduced the incidence of neural tube defects by 36%, saving US $4.7 billion in direct costs. Motor vehicle safety: Motor vehicle safety measures, including the use of seat belts (or motorcycle helmets) and child safety seats, the prohibition of drunk driving, and safe road construction, have greatly reduced the occurrence of road safety accidents. Cardiovascular disease prevention: decreased from 195 to 126 per 100,000 and from 61.6 to 42.2 per 100,000, respectively. Occupational health and safety: For example, the use of mechanical patient lifting techniques in hospitals has resulted in a significant reduction in back injuries among nurses and caregivers, which fell by 35% between 2003 and 2009. Top 10 preventive measures to protect the health of the population in the United States from 2000 to 2010

55. Cancer prevention: As a result of the increased use of screening for colorectal cancer and female breast and cervical cancer, the mortality rate from colorectal cancer declined from 25.6 per 100,000 men to 20 per 100,000 women (2.8 per cent per year) and from 18 per 100,000 women to 14.2 per 100,000 women (2.7 per cent per year) between 1998 and 2007; Breast and cervical cancer rates in women also fell by 2.2 percent and 2.4 percent per year, respectively. Childhood lead poisoning prevention: Economic analysis suggests $213 billion in benefits per year. Public health emergency response: Prevent an estimated 5-10 million cases, 30,000 hospitalizations, and 1,500 deaths over 10 years by improving surveillance, epidemiological investigation, laboratory testing, and response and response capacity for public health events. Top 10 preventive measures to protect the health of the population in the United States from 2000 to 2010

56. Major achievements and challenges in China's health work 预防医学（第 7 版）

57. Major achievements in China's health work Life expectancy (years) Mortality rate（ ‰ ） 30 年 30 岁 Trends of major health indicators in China （年）

58. The situation in the prevention and control of major infectious diseases and major parasitic diseases remains grim, and the threat of emerging infectious diseases cannot be ignored. The burden of chronic diseases is increasing. The burden of chronic diseases is high: more than 260 million people suffer from them, and they account for all deaths 86.6%, resulting in 70% of the total disease burden. The World Bank predicts that the number of chronic diseases in China will increase two to three times in the next 20 years. Challenges facing China's health work 预防医学（第 7 版） Chronic diseases accounted for the proportion of all causes of death Proportion of chronic disease deaths among different types of chronic disease

59. 　 "Build and share, Health for all" -- Building a healthy China Health and wellness policy We should focus on people's health, focus on the grassroots, take reform and innovation as the driving force, give priority to prevention, attach equal importance to traditional Chinese and Western medicine, integrate health into all policies, and ensure that the people contribute and share. We will make innovations in the supply of medical and health services We will establish a three-in-one mechanism for preventing and controlling major diseases involving specialized public health institutions, general and specialized hospitals, and community-level medical and health institutions. Establish an information sharing and interconnection mechanism, promote the integrated development of chronic disease prevention, treatment and management, and realize the integration of medical and prevention.

60. The significance of preventive medicine for medical students 1. A complete understanding of the goals of modern medicine Have a thorough understanding of health, the relationship between health determinants and disease, establish the idea of prevention first, have the basic theory of preventive medicine and establish the concept of prevention first; Apply the health ecological model and the principle of "three-level prevention" to do a good job in medical and health care services. 2. Master the concept, knowledge and skills of preventive medicine Through practice, we can deepen this understanding, so that we can guide the prevention consciousness in daily clinical work, sensitively detect and report public health problems in clinical places, provide individualized health maintenance plans according to the actual situation of patients in daily clinical work, and participate in the work of promoting the health of the community. Work with public health personnel to improve the health of individuals and communities. 预防医学（第 7 版）

61. Definition and characteristics of preventive medicine Concept of health Determinants of health Health ecological model Tertiary prevention High-risk strategies and group strategies for prevention A healthy path through life People-oriented integrated service model Achievements in preventive Medicine and public health The significance of preventive medicine for medical students 预防医学（第 7 版） Summary of this chapter

62. Chapter Two: Introduction to epidemiology 【 Knowledge objective 】 Be able to explain the definition of epidemiology and understand the four basic connotations of epidemiology. Describe the basic principles and principles of epidemiology. Understand the classification of epidemiological research methods and the main uses of epidemiology. 【 Ability objective 】 Through the study of the basic definition and history of epidemiology, correct professional learning attitude and clear learning objectives. 【 Emotional goal 】 Through the stories of epidemiologists in China and the achievements of disease control in China, students are encouraged to study hard, stimulate their love for preventive medicine and public health, and make their own contributions to disease control and health promotion in the future. Teaching requirement

63. Section 1 Brief history of epidemiology Section 2 Definition of epidemiology Section 3 Epidemiological principles and methods Section 4 Epidemiological application Section 5 Epidemiological progress Main content

64. Wu Liande, a Malaysian overseas Chinese, public health scientist, Doctor of Medicine, pioneer of quarantine and epidemic prevention in China, the first president of the Chinese Medical Association, the main organizer of Peking Union Medical College and Peking Union Hospital, candidate for the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. At the end of 1910, the pneumonic plague epidemic in northeast China, he was appointed as the chief medical officer, and led the prevention and control of the epidemic area. In 1911, he chaired the International Conference on Plague Research. Under his vigorous advocacy and promotion, China recovered its sovereignty over seaport quarantine. In 1918, he founded Beijing Central Hospital (now the branch of the People's Hospital of Beijing Medical University in Baitasi) and became the first president. In 1922, commissioned by Zhang Zuolin, Governor of Mukden, the Northeast Army General Hospital (now 202 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army) was established in Shenyang, the first large military hospital in Chinese history. In 1926, he founded Harbin Medical School (the predecessor of Harbin Medical University) and served as the first president. He, Yan Fuqing and others initiated the establishment of the Chinese Medical Association, and founded the Chinese Medical Journal. Introduction to historical figures: Wu Liande

65. Evolution of epidemiological concepts: The English name of epidemiology is epi-demi-ology Before the 1950s (Infectious diseases) Since the 1950s (infectious diseases + chronic non-communicable diseases) Late 20th century (Disease + State of health) Currently widely used definitions: Definition of epidemiology

66. Epidemiology: The study of the distribution of diseases and health conditions in a population and their influencing factors, and the study of strategies and measures to prevent and treat diseases and promote health. Definition of epidemiology

67. Object of study: population Three levels of research content: disease, health, injury; The three stages of the epidemiological task are: revealing the phenomenon, identifying the cause, and providing measures; Three methods of epidemiology: mathematical method, observation method, experiment method; Three elements of epidemiology: principle, method and application; Interpretation of epidemiological definitions

68. Theory of disease distribution Etiology:Triangle model, wheel model, network model Health - disease continuum Disease prevention cybernetics Mathematical models of disease epidemics Basic principles of epidemiology

69. Stagger illness host health etiology environment etiology environment illness health Epidemiological triangle model

70. Stagger illness host Biological environment Physical and chemical environment illness health Genetic kernel Social environment host Biological environment Physical and chemical environment Genetic kernel Social environment Epidemic wheel model

71. According to the framework provided by the ecological model or the disease factor model, various causes are found, and these causes are related to each other and are strung together to form a etiological chain. Disease network model

72. (1) Group principle (2) Field principle (3) The principle of comparison (4) Principle of representativeness A few basic principles of epidemiology

73. Epidemiological research methods Method classification Epidemiology is both a medical applied discipline and a medical methodology. According to the type of design, there are three categories: Observation method, experiment method, mathematical method; In the observation method, there are description method and analysis method; The specific method is shown in Figure 1.

74. Figure 1 ： Classification of epidemiological methods ** Epidemiological research methods Mathematical method Experimental method Observation method Descriptive epidemiology Analytical epidemiology Case-control study Cohort study Experimental epidemiology Theoretical epidemiology clinical trials Field test Community intervention trial Disease surveillance Ecological research Cross-sectional study Generation hypothesis Test hypothesis Confirmatoryhypothesis

75. Describe the distribution of diseases and health conditions Explore the cause of the disease To study the natural history of diseases and improve clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis assessment Disease prevention and control and its effect evaluation To provide scientific methods for medical research Use of epidemiology

76. epidemiology Infectious disease Chronic diabetes Infectious disease Damage Health and Sub-health state Bioterrorism preparedness And emergency response The expansion of the application field Epidemiological progress

77. medicine epidemiology Mental health epidemiology ecoepidemiology Human genome epidemiology Inheritance epidemiology procreation epidemiology epidemiology New subdiscipline

78. epidemiology Basic medicine Statistics sociology Clinical medicine other psychology Relationship with other disciplines

79. Macro and micro simultaneously Pay equal attention to infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases Population health studies are on the agenda Develop emergency epidemiology Pay attention to ethical issues Strengthen its role in the evidence-based wave Challenges and prospects

80. Classroom exercise

81. 1. Target of Preventive Medicine () Individuals Patient Healthy person Established group A B C D Individuals and identified groups E Single choice question

82. 1. Target of Preventive Medicine () Individuals Patient Healthy person Established group A B C D Individuals and identified groups E Single choice question

83. 2. The following are not the characteristics of preventive medicine that are different from clinical medicine. It has greater population health benefits in clinical medicine The study focuses on environment-population Focus on the right medicine to treat the disease Work objects include individuals and groups A B C D Research methods pay attention to the combination of micro and macro E Single choice question

84. 2. The following are not the characteristics of preventive medicine that are different from clinical medicine. It has greater population health benefits in clinical medicine The study focuses on environment-population Focus on the right medicine to treat the disease Work objects include individuals and groups A B C D Research methods pay attention to the combination of micro and macro E Single choice question

85. 3. Mental health includes ( ) Human intelligence and emotions People's emotions and spirits Human intelligence and emotional intelligence Human intelligence, emotion and spirit A B C D Human intelligence, emotion, emotional intelligence E Single choice question

86. 3. Mental health includes ( ) Human intelligence and emotions People's emotions and spirits Human intelligence and emotional intelligence Human intelligence, emotion and spirit A B C D Human intelligence, emotion, emotional intelligence E Single choice question

87. 4. Natural history of disease includes () Healthy stage, quasi-healthy stage, sub-healthy stage, clinical stage and outcome Healthy stage, sub-healthy stage, clinical stage and outcome Quasi-health stage, pathological stage, clinical stage and outcome Healthy stage, pathological stage, preclinical stage, clinical stage and outcome A B C D Healthy stage, sub-healthy stage, pathological stage, clinical stage and outcome E Single choice question

88. 4. Natural history of disease includes () Healthy stage, quasi-healthy stage, sub-healthy stage, clinical stage and outcome Healthy stage, sub-healthy stage, clinical stage and outcome Quasi-health stage, pathological stage, clinical stage and outcome Healthy stage, pathological stage, preclinical stage, clinical stage and outcome A B C D Healthy stage, sub-healthy stage, pathological stage, clinical stage and outcome E Single choice question

89. 5. In tertiary disease prevention, health promotion focuses on () Primary prevention is even earlier Secondary prevention Secondary prevention and tertiary prevention Tertiary prevention A B C D Primary prevention and secondary prevention E Single choice question

90. 5. In tertiary disease prevention, health promotion focuses on () Primary prevention is even earlier Secondary prevention Secondary prevention and tertiary prevention Tertiary prevention A B C D Primary prevention and secondary prevention E Single choice question

91. 6. The following are not suitable for primary prevention: () Occupational disease Cardiovascular disease Disease of unknown cause, difficult to detect and predict Cerebral apoplexy A B C D diabetes E Single choice question

92. 6. The following are not suitable for primary prevention: () Occupational disease Cardiovascular disease Disease of unknown cause, difficult to detect and predict Cerebral apoplexy A B C D diabetes E Single choice question

93. 7. The following are both primary prevention and tertiary prevention: () Tobacco control Physical activity promotion Hypertension management Remediation of harmful environmental factors A B C D Functional exercise for stroke patients E Single choice question

94. 7. The following are both primary prevention and tertiary prevention: () Tobacco control Physical activity promotion Hypertension management Remediation of harmful environmental factors A B C D Functional exercise for stroke patients E Single choice question

95. 8. Tertiary prevention is the basic principle and strategy in prevention work, and the following are correct about primary prevention: Primary prevention is also known as prevention during the onset of disease Primary prevention is for patients with early suspicious clinical symptoms that are not obvious he first level of prevention is to take timely and effective measures to treat the patient The first level of prevention measures include vaccination, health education, environmental protection, etc A B C D None of the above E Single choice question

96. 8. Tertiary prevention is the basic principle and strategy in prevention work, and the following are correct about primary prevention: Primary prevention is also known as prevention during the onset of disease Primary prevention is for patients with early suspicious clinical symptoms that are not obvious he first level of prevention is to take timely and effective measures to treat the patient The first level of prevention measures include vaccination, health education, environmental protection, etc A B C D None of the above E Single choice question

97. 9. What is true about the characteristics of preventive medicine is that: The work focuses on patients The working method focuses on microscopic research The measures taken are more conducive to curing the disease The countermeasures taken have more positive preventive effects A B C D It focuses on rehabilitation after the disease has occurred E Single choice question

98. 9. What is true about the characteristics of preventive medicine is that: The work focuses on patients The working method focuses on microscopic research The measures taken are more conducive to curing the disease The countermeasures taken have more positive preventive effects A B C D It focuses on rehabilitation after the disease has occurred E Single choice question

99. 10. Salt iodization is iodine deficiency disease: Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention Specific treatment A B C D Conventional treatment E Single choice question

100. 10. Salt iodization is iodine deficiency disease: Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention Specific treatment A B C D Conventional treatment E Single choice question

101. 11. The following are not public health measures Preventive health service Disease prevention and control Health education and health promotion Community construction A B C D Maternal and child health and geriatric health care E Single choice question

102. 11. The following are not public health measures Preventive health service Disease prevention and control Health education and health promotion Community construction A B C D Maternal and child health and geriatric health care E Single choice question

103. "Epidemiology", Ed. Siyan Zhan, Human Health 8th edition, July 2017 Clinical Epidemiology, Siyan Zhan (Ed.), 2nd edition, June 2015 Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, http://www.cma.org.cn Chinese Journal of Public Health, http://www.zgggws.com National Bureau of Statistics of the PRC: http://www.stats.gov.cn/ Public health and health science data center: http://www.phsciencedata.cn/ Recommended books and websites

104. thank you