01_Matter and its Properties (Chemistry).pptx

Chemistry

1. Chemistry for Industrial Technologist MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

2. State of Matter Properties of Matter Ways of classifying matter Physical and chemical properties

3. MATTER is defined as anything that has mass, occupies space and is made up of particles. ATOMS MOLECULES IONS PARTICLES COMPOSING MATTER the building blocks of all visible matter a group of two or more atoms that form the smallest identifiable unit an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge

4. STATE OF MATTER SOLID LIQUID GAS

5. SOLID are one of the three key states of matter. Unlike liquids and gases, solids keep their shape and do not flow to the sides of a container. The particles in a solid can’t easily move past one another, but at any temperature above −459.4°F (−273°C)— absolute zero—they do constantly vibrate in place. STATE OF MATTER Ice Cube Ice is the solid form of water (H2O). The water molecules are in fixed positions and cannot move over each other, unless the ice melts and becomes liquid water. The particles in a solid are packed closely together and do not have space to move around.

6. PROPERTIES OF SOLID Having particles in fixed positions gives solids a set of properties that distinguish them from liquids and gases. They have a fixed shape, tend to be dense, and do not flow to fill a container they’re placed in. They also cannot be compressed. STATE OF MATTER Volume and shape Solids have fixed shapes with defined edges. Their volume changes only slightly with temperature. Density and Compressibility Since the particles are close together, most solids have a high density, and can’t easily be compressed. Flow Forces of attraction stop particles in a solid moving over each other; solids do not flow.

7. LIQUID When a substance is in its liquid form, its particles have gained enough energy to move past each other. As a result, liquids flow to the edges of their container and form a nearly flat surface. However, although the shape of a liquid changes to fit the shape of its container, the total volume remains the same. STATE OF MATTER Water The word “water” is usually used to describe the liquid state of the compound H2O. The particles are packed tightly but are randomly arranged and can move over each other.

8. PROPERTIES OF LIQUID When a substance is in the liquid state, it means its particles have gained enough energy (usually in the form of heat) to overcome some of the forces of attraction holding them together in a solid. The particles can now move over each other, giving liquids particular properties. STATE OF MATTER Volume and shape Liquids flow to the edges of a container, but while their shape may change, the total volume stays the same. Density and Compressibility Liquids have a high density, so can’t be easily compressed as their particles are close together. Flow The particles in a liquid are free to move over each other, so liquids flow and can pass through narrow spaces.

9. GAS Substances exist as gases when their particles gain enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction keeping them together. Gases are less dense than solids and liquids, and so are easy to compress. Gases have no fixed shape, and their volume is very sensitive to temperature and pressure. STATE OF MATTER Water Vapor Water vapor is water in gaseous instead of liquid form. It can be formed either through a process of evaporation or sublimation. The particles in a gas are typically far apart. The particles have space to move randomly.

10. PROPERTIES OF GAS When a substance is in its gaseous state, it means its particles have gained enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them. The particles move freely, giving gases particular properties. STATE OF MATTER Volume and shape Gases have no fixed volume and take the shape of the container they are in. Density and Compressibility Gases have a low density and can be easily compressed as their particles are far apart. Flow Gas particles are completely free to move and can pass through very small gaps.

11. PLASMA often called “the fourth state of matter,” along with solid, liquid and gas. Just as a liquid will boil, changing into a gas when energy is added, heating a gas will form a plasma – a soup of positively charged particles (ions) and negatively charged particles (electrons). STATE OF MATTER Lighting A gas with many of its atoms broken into electrically-charged particles, both negatively-charged electrons and positively-charged ions. Particles of plasma are best described as moving freely and being electrically charged.

12. P L A S M A S O L I D L I Q U I D G A S S O L I D LET’S GIVE IT A TRY!

13. PROPERTIES OF MATTER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES INTENSIVE PROPERTIES According to the change involved during the measurement of the property According to dependence of amount of matter

14. PHYSICAL PROPTERIES are those which can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. They are used to observe and describe matter. Include color, hardness, malleability, solubility, electrical conductivity, density, melting point, and boiling point. PROPERTIES OF MATTER

15. EXTENSIVE & INTENSIVE PROPTERIES Intensive properties of matter are those that are independent of the amount of matter present. Pressure and temperature, for example, are intensive properties. Extensive property of matter are those in which the value of a system’s property is equal to the sum of the values for the parts of the system. PROPERTIES OF MATTER

16. CHEMICAL PROPTERIES describes its "potential" to undergo some chemical change or reaction by virtue of its composition. Flammability, toxicity, acidity, the reactivity of various types, and heat of combustion are examples of chemical properties. PROPERTIES OF MATTER

17. MATTER PURE SUBSTANCES ELEMENTS MIXTURES COMPOUNDS HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE Based on the number of components present Based on the number of kinds of atoms present Based on the uniformity of composition and properties

18. PURE SUBSTANCES are substances that are made up of only one kind of particle and have a fixed or constant structure. ELEMENTS is a substance that consists of only one type or kind of atom. An element is a pure substance as it cannot be broken down or transformed into a new substance even by using some physical or chemical means. Elements are mostly metals, non-metals or metalloids. COMPOUNDS are also pure substances when two or more elements are combined chemically in a fixed ratio. However, these substances can be broken down into separate elements by chemical methods.

19. LET’S GIVE IT A TRY! ELEMENT COMPOUND COMPOUND ELEMENT COMPOUND ELEMENT

20. MIXTURES A substance, on the other hand, is impure if it consists of different kinds of elements combined physically and not chemically. Impure substances are also called mixtures. HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE occasionally called a solution, is comparatively unvarying in configuration or constant. Every unit of the mixture is like every other unit. For instance, if you liquefy sugar in water and blend it really well, your concoction is essentially the same, no matter where you sample it. HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE is a concoction whose configuration varies from spot to spot within the sample. For example, if you put a little amount of sugar in a vessel, add some sand, and then shake the jar a couple of times, your concoction doesn’t have the same configuration all throughout the jar.

21. LET’S GIVE IT A TRY! H O M O G E N E O U S H E T E R O G E N E O U S H E T E R O G E N E O U S H O M O G E N E O U S H E T E R O G E N E O U S H O M O G E N E O U S H E T E R O G E N E O U S H O M O G E N E O U S

22. METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE Involves simply picking out all the unwanted substances by hand and separating them from useful ones. It is usually used to separate stones from grains, rice pulses, etc. at home and groceries shops. In this type both the components are in solid form, these are big enough to separate them by hand. 1. HANDPICKING

23. Mostly done during the harvesting of crops. The grain is then separated from the stalks and grounded into the floor by beating the dry stalks to shake off the dried grains. 2. THRESHING METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE

24. Normally the separation of the mixture is carried out with the help of wind or blowing air. The husk and chaff are blown away by the strong wind when the farmers drop the mixture from a certain height to the ground. The heavier grains are collected at one place. 3. WINNOWING METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE

25. It is done to separate mixtures that contain substances mostly of different sizes. The mixture is passed through the pores of the sieve. All the smaller substances pass through easily while the bigger components of the mixture are retained. 4. SIEVING METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE

26. Usually a solution of a solvent and a soluble solid. In this method, the solution is heated until the organic solvent evaporates where it turns into a gas and mostly leaves behind the solid residue. 5. EVAPORATION METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE

27. When mixtures consist of two or more pure liquids than distillation is used. Here the components of a liquid mixture are vaporized, condensed and then isolated. The mixture is heated and the component which is volatile evaporates first. The vapor moves through a condenser and is collected in a liquid state. 6. DISTILLATION METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE

28. The most common method of separating a liquid from an insoluble solid is the filtration. For example, the mixture of sand and water. Filtration is used here to remove solid particles from the liquid. Various filtering agents are normally used like filtering paper or other materials. 7. FILTRATION METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE

29. Sedimentation is a process by which heavier impurities present in liquid normally water settle down at the bottom of the container containing the mixture. The process takes some amount of time. 8. SEDIMENTATION METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE

30. Used mainly to segregate two immiscible liquids. The mechanism involves taking advantage of the unequal density of the particles in the mixture. Oil and water can be easily separated using this technique. 9. SEPARATING FUNNEL METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE

31. When one substance in the mixture has some magnetic properties then this method is quite useful. Strong magnets are commonly used to separate magnetic elements. 10. MAGNETIC SEPARATION METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE

32. CHEMICAL CHANGE PHYSICAL CHANGE CHANGES IN MATTER

33. LET’S GIVE IT A TRY! Chemical Change Chemical Change Physical Change Chemical Change Physical Change Physical Change Physical Change Chemical Change Digestion Cooking egg Breaking egg Folding paper Breaking glass Rusting metal Shredding paper Souring milk

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