01. Structure and properties of organic compounds. Aldehydes fnd keton..ppt
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Oct 09, 2025
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About This Presentation
Structure and properties of organic compounds. Aldehydes fnd keton.
Slide Content
LECTURELECTURE
CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE,
NOMENCLATURE AND NOMENCLATURE AND
PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS. COMPOUNDS.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONSREACTIONS
Lecturer: Iryna R. BekusLecturer: Iryna R. Bekus
CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE,
NOMENCLATURE AND NOMENCLATURE AND
PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS. COMPOUNDS.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONSREACTIONS
Lecturer: Iryna R. BekusLecturer: Iryna R. Bekus
Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry – – tthe chemistry of he chemistry of
the hydrocarbons and their derivatives; the hydrocarbons and their derivatives;
the chemistry of carbon compounds.the chemistry of carbon compounds.
Bioorganic Chemistry Bioorganic Chemistry was study was study
structure and properties of compounds, structure and properties of compounds,
which are in human body. which are in human body.
Such as: Such as: proteins, lipids, hormones, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, hormones, carbohydrates,
vitamins, enzyme, fatsvitamins, enzyme, fats, at el., at el.
Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry – – tthe chemistry of he chemistry of
the hydrocarbons and their derivatives; the hydrocarbons and their derivatives;
the chemistry of carbon compounds.the chemistry of carbon compounds.
Bioorganic Chemistry Bioorganic Chemistry was study was study
structure and properties of compounds, structure and properties of compounds,
which are in human body. which are in human body.
Such as: Such as: proteins, lipids, hormones, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, hormones, carbohydrates,
vitamins, enzyme, fatsvitamins, enzyme, fats, at el., at el.
CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
By structure of carbon chain:By structure of carbon chain:
By structure of carbon chain:By structure of carbon chain:
Acyclic Acyclic — — compounds, that don’t contain any compounds, that don’t contain any
cycle in their molecules. cycle in their molecules.
SaturatedSaturated — compounds that contain only — compounds that contain only --
bonds and nbonds and nоо - bonds (simple – C – C – - bonds (simple – C – C –
bonds).bonds).
AlkanesAlkanes — saturated hydrocarbons that contain — saturated hydrocarbons that contain
only – C – C – and – C – H – only – C – C – and – C – H – bonds. bonds.
UnsaturatedUnsaturated — compounds that contain — compounds that contain --
bonds and bonds and - bonds (double bonds (– C = C –) - bonds (double bonds (– C = C –)
or triple (– C or triple (– C C – ) bonds, and simple – C – C – ) bonds, and simple – C –
C – bonds).C – bonds).
cycle in their molecules. cycle in their molecules.
SaturatedSaturated — compounds that contain only — compounds that contain only --
bonds and nbonds and nоо - bonds (simple – C – C – - bonds (simple – C – C –
bonds).bonds).
AlkanesAlkanes — saturated hydrocarbons that contain — saturated hydrocarbons that contain
only – C – C – and – C – H – only – C – C – and – C – H – bonds. bonds.
UnsaturatedUnsaturated — compounds that contain — compounds that contain --
bonds and bonds and - bonds (double bonds (– C = C –) - bonds (double bonds (– C = C –)
or triple (– C or triple (– C C – ) bonds, and simple – C – C – ) bonds, and simple – C –
C – bonds).C – bonds).
AlkenesAlkenes — unsaturated hydrocarbons th— unsaturated hydrocarbons thааt t
contain only one – C – C – double bond contain only one – C – C – double bond
(– C = C –).(– C = C –).
DieneDiene — — unsaturatedunsaturated compounds compounds ththааt contain t contain
two double two double – C – C – – C – C – bonds.bonds.
AlkynesAlkynes — — unsaturatedunsaturated hydrocarbons hydrocarbons ththааt t
contain – C – C – contain – C – C – triple bond triple bond (– C (– C C – ) C – )..
CyclicCyclic — organic compounds — organic compounds ththааt contain any t contain any
cycle in its molecules.cycle in its molecules.
contain only one – C – C – double bond contain only one – C – C – double bond
(– C = C –).(– C = C –).
DieneDiene — — unsaturatedunsaturated compounds compounds ththааt contain t contain
two double two double – C – C – – C – C – bonds.bonds.
AlkynesAlkynes — — unsaturatedunsaturated hydrocarbons hydrocarbons ththааt t
contain – C – C – contain – C – C – triple bond triple bond (– C (– C C – ) C – )..
CyclicCyclic — organic compounds — organic compounds ththааt contain any t contain any
cycle in its molecules.cycle in its molecules.
CarbocyclicCarbocyclic - hydrocarbons containing - hydrocarbons containing аа cycle cycle
that consists of only Carbon atoms.that consists of only Carbon atoms.
CycloalkanesCycloalkanes — saturated hydrocarbons — saturated hydrocarbons
containing containing аа Carbon cycle. Carbon cycle.
CycloalkenesCycloalkenes — ansaturated hydrocarbons — ansaturated hydrocarbons
containing containing аа Carbon cycle. Carbon cycle.
ArenesArenes — aromatic compounds th— aromatic compounds thааt contain t contain
benzoic ring.benzoic ring.
HeterocyclicHeterocyclic - - organic compounds organic compounds ththааt contain t contain
cycle between atoms of Carbon and other cycle between atoms of Carbon and other
elements (S, O, N).elements (S, O, N).
that consists of only Carbon atoms.that consists of only Carbon atoms.
CycloalkanesCycloalkanes — saturated hydrocarbons — saturated hydrocarbons
containing containing аа Carbon cycle. Carbon cycle.
CycloalkenesCycloalkenes — ansaturated hydrocarbons — ansaturated hydrocarbons
containing containing аа Carbon cycle. Carbon cycle.
ArenesArenes — aromatic compounds th— aromatic compounds thааt contain t contain
benzoic ring.benzoic ring.
HeterocyclicHeterocyclic - - organic compounds organic compounds ththааt contain t contain
cycle between atoms of Carbon and other cycle between atoms of Carbon and other
elements (S, O, N).elements (S, O, N).
Functional GroupFunctional Group is any is any
part of an organic part of an organic
compound, which is not compound, which is not аа
carbon-hydrogen or carbon-hydrogen or
carbon-carbon single bon.carbon-carbon single bon.
part of an organic part of an organic
compound, which is not compound, which is not аа
carbon-hydrogen or carbon-hydrogen or
carbon-carbon single bon.carbon-carbon single bon.
By functional groups:By functional groups:
There are mono-, poly- and heterofunctional group
in the structure of organic compounds:
Monofunctional group – contains only 1 functional group.
C
2H
5—OH
Polyfunctional group – contains several similar
functional group.
H
2C
CH
H
2C
OH
OH
OH
Heterofunctional group – contains several different functional
group.
OH
C
O
H
in the structure of organic compounds:
Monofunctional group – contains only 1 functional group.
C
2H
5—OH
Polyfunctional group – contains several similar
functional group.
H
2C
CH
H
2C
OH
OH
OH
Heterofunctional group – contains several different functional
group.
OH
C
O
H
NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE
Common (trivial)Common (trivial)
International International ((IUPAC – IUPAC –
International Union of Pure International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistryand Applied Chemistry ) )
system of nomenclature was first system of nomenclature was first
introduced in 1947.introduced in 1947.
Common (trivial)Common (trivial)
International International ((IUPAC – IUPAC –
International Union of Pure International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistryand Applied Chemistry ) )
system of nomenclature was first system of nomenclature was first
introduced in 1947.introduced in 1947.
General rules for IUPAC nomenclature:General rules for IUPAC nomenclature:
The The IUPACIUPAC name of any organic compound name of any organic compound
essentially consists of three parts: essentially consists of three parts:
1.1.word root; word root;
2.2.suffix; suffix;
3.3.prefix.prefix.
Thus, Thus, аа complete IUPAC name of an organic complete IUPAC name of an organic
compound consists of the following parts:compound consists of the following parts:
•Secondary prefix + Primary prefix + Word Secondary prefix + Primary prefix + Word
root + Primary suffix + Secondary suffixroot + Primary suffix + Secondary suffix
The The IUPACIUPAC name of any organic compound name of any organic compound
essentially consists of three parts: essentially consists of three parts:
1.1.word root; word root;
2.2.suffix; suffix;
3.3.prefix.prefix.
Thus, Thus, аа complete IUPAC name of an organic complete IUPAC name of an organic
compound consists of the following parts:compound consists of the following parts:
•Secondary prefix + Primary prefix + Word Secondary prefix + Primary prefix + Word
root + Primary suffix + Secondary suffixroot + Primary suffix + Secondary suffix
SUFFIXSUFFIX
There are two types of suffixes:There are two types of suffixes:
Primary suffix.Primary suffix. АА primary suffix is always primary suffix is always
added to the word root to indicate whether the added to the word root to indicate whether the
carbon chain is saturated carbon chain is saturated ооr unsaturated. The r unsaturated. The
three basic primary suffixes are given below:three basic primary suffixes are given below:
There are two types of suffixes:There are two types of suffixes:
Primary suffix.Primary suffix. АА primary suffix is always primary suffix is always
added to the word root to indicate whether the added to the word root to indicate whether the
carbon chain is saturated carbon chain is saturated ооr unsaturated. The r unsaturated. The
three basic primary suffixes are given below:three basic primary suffixes are given below:
Secondary suffix.Secondary suffix. АА secondary suffix is then added secondary suffix is then added
to the primary suffix to indicate the nature of the to the primary suffix to indicate the nature of the
functional group present in the organic compound. functional group present in the organic compound.
Secondary suffixes of some important functional Secondary suffixes of some important functional
groups are given below:groups are given below:
Secondary suffix.Secondary suffix. АА secondary suffix is then added secondary suffix is then added
to the primary suffix to indicate the nature of the to the primary suffix to indicate the nature of the
functional group present in the organic compound. functional group present in the organic compound.
Secondary suffixes of some important functional Secondary suffixes of some important functional
groups are given below:groups are given below:
PREFIXPREFIX
There are two types of prefixes:There are two types of prefixes:
Primary prefix.Primary prefix. АА primary prefix is primary prefix is
used simply to distinguish cyclic used simply to distinguish cyclic
from acyclic compounds.from acyclic compounds.
For example, in case of carbocyclic For example, in case of carbocyclic
compounds, compounds, аа primary prefix, cyclo primary prefix, cyclo
is used immediately before the is used immediately before the
word root. Thus:word root. Thus:
CyclopentaneCyclopentane
There are two types of prefixes:There are two types of prefixes:
Primary prefix.Primary prefix. АА primary prefix is primary prefix is
used simply to distinguish cyclic used simply to distinguish cyclic
from acyclic compounds.from acyclic compounds.
For example, in case of carbocyclic For example, in case of carbocyclic
compounds, compounds, аа primary prefix, cyclo primary prefix, cyclo
is used immediately before the is used immediately before the
word root. Thus:word root. Thus:
CyclopentaneCyclopentane
Secondary prefix.Secondary prefix. In IUPAC system of nomenclature, In IUPAC system of nomenclature,
certain groups are not considered as functional certain groups are not considered as functional
groups but instead are treated as substituents. These groups but instead are treated as substituents. These
are called secondary prefixes.are called secondary prefixes.
certain groups are not considered as functional certain groups are not considered as functional
groups but instead are treated as substituents. These groups but instead are treated as substituents. These
are called secondary prefixes.are called secondary prefixes.
Complete structural formula:
C C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
hexane butane
C C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
hexane butane
Shorten structural formula:
CH
3—CH
2—CH
2—CH
3
H
2
C
H
2C
H
2C
C
H
2
CH
2
CH
2
butane
hexane
CH
3—CH
2—CH
2—CH
3
H
2
C
H
2C
H
2C
C
H
2
CH
2
CH
2
butane
hexane
Types of organic reactions.Types of organic reactions.
All the organic reactions can be broadly All the organic reactions can be broadly
classified into the following four types: classified into the following four types:
(a) substitution reactions, (a) substitution reactions,
(b) addition reactions, (b) addition reactions,
(c) elimination reactions, (c) elimination reactions,
(d) rearrangement reactions.(d) rearrangement reactions.
All the organic reactions can be broadly All the organic reactions can be broadly
classified into the following four types: classified into the following four types:
(a) substitution reactions, (a) substitution reactions,
(b) addition reactions, (b) addition reactions,
(c) elimination reactions, (c) elimination reactions,
(d) rearrangement reactions.(d) rearrangement reactions.
(I) (I) Substitution reactions which are brought about by Substitution reactions which are brought about by
nucleophiles are called nucleophiles are called nucleophilic substitution nucleophilic substitution
reactions:reactions:
CHCH
33
OH + CHOH + CH
33
COOH COOH CH CH
33
COOCHCOOCH
33
+ H + H
22
OO
((II) II) Substitution reactions which are brought about by Substitution reactions which are brought about by
electropholes are called electropholes are called electrophilic substitution electrophilic substitution
reactionsreactions::
(III) (III) SubstitutionSubstitution reactions brought about by free reactions brought about by free
radicals are called radicals are called free free radical substitution radical substitution
reactionsreactions::
CHCH
44 +Cl +Cl
2 2 → → CHCH
33Cl +HClCl +HCl
nucleophiles are called nucleophiles are called nucleophilic substitution nucleophilic substitution
reactions:reactions:
CHCH
33
OH + CHOH + CH
33
COOH COOH CH CH
33
COOCHCOOCH
33
+ H + H
22
OO
((II) II) Substitution reactions which are brought about by Substitution reactions which are brought about by
electropholes are called electropholes are called electrophilic substitution electrophilic substitution
reactionsreactions::
(III) (III) SubstitutionSubstitution reactions brought about by free reactions brought about by free
radicals are called radicals are called free free radical substitution radical substitution
reactionsreactions::
CHCH
44 +Cl +Cl
2 2 → → CHCH
33Cl +HClCl +HCl
Addition reactionsAddition reactions
Addition reactions are of the following three types:Addition reactions are of the following three types:
Addition reactions brought about by nucleophiles are called Addition reactions brought about by nucleophiles are called
nucleophilic addition reactionsnucleophilic addition reactions::
Addition reactions brought about by electrophiles are called Addition reactions brought about by electrophiles are called
electrophilic addition reactionselectrophilic addition reactions..
Addition reactions brought about by free radicals are called Addition reactions brought about by free radicals are called
free radical addition reactionsfree radical addition reactions..
Addition reactions are of the following three types:Addition reactions are of the following three types:
Addition reactions brought about by nucleophiles are called Addition reactions brought about by nucleophiles are called
nucleophilic addition reactionsnucleophilic addition reactions::
Addition reactions brought about by electrophiles are called Addition reactions brought about by electrophiles are called
electrophilic addition reactionselectrophilic addition reactions..
Addition reactions brought about by free radicals are called Addition reactions brought about by free radicals are called
free radical addition reactionsfree radical addition reactions..
Elimination reactions.Elimination reactions. An elimination reaction is An elimination reaction is
one that involves the loss of two atoms orgroups of one that involves the loss of two atoms orgroups of
atoms form the same or adjacent atoms of a atoms form the same or adjacent atoms of a
substance leading the formation of a multiple substance leading the formation of a multiple
(double or triple) bond: (double or triple) bond:
These are of two types:These are of two types:
-Elimination reactions-Elimination reactions..
-Elimination reactions.-Elimination reactions.
Elimination reactions.Elimination reactions. An elimination reaction is An elimination reaction is
one that involves the loss of two atoms orgroups of one that involves the loss of two atoms orgroups of
atoms form the same or adjacent atoms of a atoms form the same or adjacent atoms of a
substance leading the formation of a multiple substance leading the formation of a multiple
(double or triple) bond: (double or triple) bond:
These are of two types:These are of two types:
-Elimination reactions-Elimination reactions..
-Elimination reactions.-Elimination reactions.
Reactions involving the migration of an atom or a group from Reactions involving the migration of an atom or a group from
one atom to another within the same molecule are called one atom to another within the same molecule are called
rearrangement reactions.rearrangement reactions.
one atom to another within the same molecule are called one atom to another within the same molecule are called
rearrangement reactions.rearrangement reactions.
OxidationOxidation — — аа net decrease in the number of net decrease in the number of
bonds to hydrogen or electropositive element, or bonds to hydrogen or electropositive element, or аа
net increase in the number of bonds to net increase in the number of bonds to
electronegative elements. electronegative elements. АА net loss of electrons. net loss of electrons.
Reduction Reduction — — аа net increase in the number of net increase in the number of
bonds to hydrogen or electropositive element, or bonds to hydrogen or electropositive element, or аа
net decrease in the number of bonds to net decrease in the number of bonds to
electronegative elements. electronegative elements. АА net gains electrons. net gains electrons.
bonds to hydrogen or electropositive element, or bonds to hydrogen or electropositive element, or аа
net increase in the number of bonds to net increase in the number of bonds to
electronegative elements. electronegative elements. АА net loss of electrons. net loss of electrons.
Reduction Reduction — — аа net increase in the number of net increase in the number of
bonds to hydrogen or electropositive element, or bonds to hydrogen or electropositive element, or аа
net decrease in the number of bonds to net decrease in the number of bonds to
electronegative elements. electronegative elements. АА net gains electrons. net gains electrons.
ALCOHOL
In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in
which the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound
to a carbon atom. In particular, this carbon center
should be saturated, having single bonds to three
other atoms.
In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in
which the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound
to a carbon atom. In particular, this carbon center
should be saturated, having single bonds to three
other atoms.
Systematic names
In the IUPAC system, the name of the alkane
chain loses the terminal "e" and adds "ol", e.g.,
"methanol" and "ethanol“
In the IUPAC system, the name of the alkane
chain loses the terminal "e" and adds "ol", e.g.,
"methanol" and "ethanol“
Classification of alcohols
Alcohols with one hydroxyl group - monohydric alcohol
Alcohols with two hydroxyl groups - dihydric alcohol
Alcohols with three hydroxyl groups - trihydric alcohols
Alcohols with four or more hydroxyl groups - polyhydric
alcohols
Alcohols with one hydroxyl group - monohydric alcohol
Alcohols with two hydroxyl groups - dihydric alcohol
Alcohols with three hydroxyl groups - trihydric alcohols
Alcohols with four or more hydroxyl groups - polyhydric
alcohols
The saturated monohydric alcohols have the general
formula CnH2n+1OH or ROH. Their functional group
is -OH.
They can be further classified into:
1) Primary Alcohol
Here the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group is
attached to just one other carbon atom.
2) Secondary Alcohol
Here the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group is
attached to two other carbon atoms.
formula CnH2n+1OH or ROH. Their functional group
is -OH.
They can be further classified into:
1) Primary Alcohol
Here the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group is
attached to just one other carbon atom.
2) Secondary Alcohol
Here the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group is
attached to two other carbon atoms.
3)Tertiary Alcohol
Here the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group is
attached to three other carbon atoms.
Here the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group is
attached to three other carbon atoms.
Carbonyl GroupCarbonyl Group
Carbon atom joined to oxygen by a Carbon atom joined to oxygen by a
double bonddouble bond
KetonesKetones
Aldehydes
Carbon atom joined to oxygen by a Carbon atom joined to oxygen by a
double bonddouble bond
KetonesKetones
Aldehydes
AldehydesAldehydes
Comes from alcohol dehydrogenationComes from alcohol dehydrogenation
Obtained by removing of a hydrogen Obtained by removing of a hydrogen
from an alcoholfrom an alcohol
Comes from alcohol dehydrogenationComes from alcohol dehydrogenation
Obtained by removing of a hydrogen Obtained by removing of a hydrogen
from an alcoholfrom an alcohol
Aldehydes Aldehydes
Both common and IUPAC names Both common and IUPAC names
frequently usedfrequently used
Common names from acids from Common names from acids from
which aldehydes can be convertedwhich aldehydes can be converted
Both common and IUPAC names Both common and IUPAC names
frequently usedfrequently used
Common names from acids from Common names from acids from
which aldehydes can be convertedwhich aldehydes can be converted
AldehydesAldehydes
IUPACIUPAC
Longest chain with aldehydeLongest chain with aldehyde
Drop “e” and add “-al”Drop “e” and add “-al”
•Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde PropionaldehydePropionaldehyde
Phenylethanal
IUPACIUPAC
Longest chain with aldehydeLongest chain with aldehyde
Drop “e” and add “-al”Drop “e” and add “-al”
•Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde PropionaldehydePropionaldehyde
Phenylethanal
KetonesKetones
Naming:Naming:
•Drop “e”, add “-one”Drop “e”, add “-one”
•Many common namesMany common names
•Simplest is 3 carbons Simplest is 3 carbons
C. name: acetoneC. name: acetone
IUPAC: propanoneIUPAC: propanone
Naming:Naming:
•Drop “e”, add “-one”Drop “e”, add “-one”
•Many common namesMany common names
•Simplest is 3 carbons Simplest is 3 carbons
C. name: acetoneC. name: acetone
IUPAC: propanoneIUPAC: propanone
Physical Properties of Aldehydes Physical Properties of Aldehydes
and Ketonesand Ketones
Carbon-oxygen double bond is very polarCarbon-oxygen double bond is very polar
•Affects boiling pointsAffects boiling points
•More than ethers (C-O bonds)More than ethers (C-O bonds)
•Less than alcohols (C-OH bonds)Less than alcohols (C-OH bonds)
OdorsOdors
•Low aldehydes very pungentLow aldehydes very pungent
•High aldehydes pleasant odors (perfumes)High aldehydes pleasant odors (perfumes)
Solubility Solubility
•Similar to alcohols and ethersSimilar to alcohols and ethers
•Soluble up to about 4 carbonsSoluble up to about 4 carbons
•Insoluble after thatInsoluble after that
and Ketonesand Ketones
Carbon-oxygen double bond is very polarCarbon-oxygen double bond is very polar
•Affects boiling pointsAffects boiling points
•More than ethers (C-O bonds)More than ethers (C-O bonds)
•Less than alcohols (C-OH bonds)Less than alcohols (C-OH bonds)
OdorsOdors
•Low aldehydes very pungentLow aldehydes very pungent
•High aldehydes pleasant odors (perfumes)High aldehydes pleasant odors (perfumes)
Solubility Solubility
•Similar to alcohols and ethersSimilar to alcohols and ethers
•Soluble up to about 4 carbonsSoluble up to about 4 carbons
•Insoluble after thatInsoluble after that
Preparation of AldehydesPreparation of Aldehydes
Oxidation Oxidation
Oxidation Oxidation
Hydration of alkynes (Kucherov reaction).
Reaction occurs by way of an enol
intermediate formed by Markovnikov
addition of water to the triple bond.
Reaction occurs by way of an enol
intermediate formed by Markovnikov
addition of water to the triple bond.
Oxosynthesis. Oxosynthesis.
Interaction of alkenes with carbone Interaction of alkenes with carbone
(II) oxide, at the higher temperature, (II) oxide, at the higher temperature,
pressure and presence of catalyst. pressure and presence of catalyst.
Interaction of alkenes with carbone Interaction of alkenes with carbone
(II) oxide, at the higher temperature, (II) oxide, at the higher temperature,
pressure and presence of catalyst. pressure and presence of catalyst.
Preparation of KetonesPreparation of Ketones
OxidationOxidation
OxidationOxidation
Chemical Properties of Aldehydes Chemical Properties of Aldehydes
and Ketonesand Ketones
Both undergo combustion reactionsBoth undergo combustion reactions
OxidationOxidation
•Aldehydes can be oxidized, ketones Aldehydes can be oxidized, ketones
can’tcan’t
•See See
Tollen’s reagentTollen’s reagent
Benedict’s reagentBenedict’s reagent
Fehling’s reagentFehling’s reagent
and Ketonesand Ketones
Both undergo combustion reactionsBoth undergo combustion reactions
OxidationOxidation
•Aldehydes can be oxidized, ketones Aldehydes can be oxidized, ketones
can’tcan’t
•See See
Tollen’s reagentTollen’s reagent
Benedict’s reagentBenedict’s reagent
Fehling’s reagentFehling’s reagent
Reactions of aldehyde oxidationReactions of aldehyde oxidation
With Tollens’ reagent – “silver With Tollens’ reagent – “silver
mirror” reaction.mirror” reaction.
With Fehling reagent: after heating red
precipitate of copper (I) oxide formed.
With Tollens’ reagent – “silver With Tollens’ reagent – “silver
mirror” reaction.mirror” reaction.
With Fehling reagent: after heating red
precipitate of copper (I) oxide formed.
Chemical Properties of Aldehydes Chemical Properties of Aldehydes
and Ketonesand Ketones
Reduction Reduction
•Variety of agents can reduce aldehydes Variety of agents can reduce aldehydes
and ketones to alcoholsand ketones to alcohols
and Ketonesand Ketones
Reduction Reduction
•Variety of agents can reduce aldehydes Variety of agents can reduce aldehydes
and ketones to alcoholsand ketones to alcohols
Chemical Properties of Aldehydes Chemical Properties of Aldehydes
and Ketonesand Ketones
HydrationHydration
•Formaldehyde dissolves readily in waterFormaldehyde dissolves readily in water
•Acetaldehyde somewhat alsoAcetaldehyde somewhat also
Form Form hydrateshydrates
and Ketonesand Ketones
HydrationHydration
•Formaldehyde dissolves readily in waterFormaldehyde dissolves readily in water
•Acetaldehyde somewhat alsoAcetaldehyde somewhat also
Form Form hydrateshydrates
Chemical Properties of Aldehydes Chemical Properties of Aldehydes
and Ketonesand Ketones
Addition of Alcohols to Carbonyl Addition of Alcohols to Carbonyl
GroupsGroups
•HemiacetalHemiacetal
Aldehyde + alcoholAldehyde + alcohol
•Hemiketal Hemiketal
Ketone + alcoholKetone + alcohol
and Ketonesand Ketones
Addition of Alcohols to Carbonyl Addition of Alcohols to Carbonyl
GroupsGroups
•HemiacetalHemiacetal
Aldehyde + alcoholAldehyde + alcohol
•Hemiketal Hemiketal
Ketone + alcoholKetone + alcohol
Chemical Properties of Aldehydes Chemical Properties of Aldehydes
and Ketonesand Ketones
Hemiacetals + HCl = acetalHemiacetals + HCl = acetal
Hemiketal + HCl = ketalHemiketal + HCl = ketal
and Ketonesand Ketones
Hemiacetals + HCl = acetalHemiacetals + HCl = acetal
Hemiketal + HCl = ketalHemiketal + HCl = ketal
Thank you for attentionThank you for attention
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