02-cccccccccccccccccccccccccccBIODYNAMIC AGRICULTURE prepared.pptx

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1. Organic Farming

2. Introduction Organic farming works in harmony with nature rather than against it. Organic farming avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, hormones etc.) and to the maximum extent rely upon crop rotations, crop residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste . The term organic farming was first used by Lord Northbourne . The term was derived from his concept of “ the farm as organism ”, which he explains in his book, “Look to the Land” (1940). Influenced by Sir Albert Howard’s work, Lady Eve Balfour did first scientific, side-by-side comparison of organic and conventional farming.

3. Objective of organic farming

4. Aim of organic farming To maintain the long term fertility of the soil To reduce the input cost. To effectively utilize the natural resources. To avoid all forms of pollution caused by agricultural techniques. To provide a quality foodstuff .

5. Steps of Organic farming Conversion of land from conventional management to organic management. Management of the entire surrounding system to ensure biodiversity and sustainability of the system. Crop production by using alternative sources of nutrients (such as crop rotation, residue management, organic manures, and biological inputs). Management of weeds and pests by better management practices, physical and cultural means, and biological control system. Maintenance of livestock along with organic concept and make them an integral part of the entire system.

6. Principle of Health Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems. Organic farming should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human, and planet as a whole. Healthy soils yield healthy crops that nurture the health of animals and humans. Organic farming, whether in farming, processing, distribution, or consumption, sustains and enhances the health of ecosystem and organisms ranging from the smallest in the soil to human beings.

7. Principle of Ecology Organic farming should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, should work with them and sustain them. Production should be based on ecological processes and recycling. Nourishment and well-being are achieved through the ecology of specific production environment. Organic management should be adapted to local conditions, ecology, culture , and scale. Use of inputs should be avoided by reusing, recycling and efficient management of materials and energy to maintain and improve environmental quality and conserve resources. It should attain ecological balance by designing farming systems, establishing habitats, and maintaining genetic and agricultural diversity.

8. Principle of Fairness Organic farming should be based on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to common environment and life opportunities. This principle states that those involved in organic farming should conduct human relationships to ensure fairness at all levels and to all farmers, workers, processors, distributors, traders, and consumers. This is done with the goal of producing a sufficient supply of good quality food and other products. Natural and environmental resources used for production and consumption should be managed such that it is socially and ecologically fair an d trusted for future generations. Fairness requires open and equitable systems of production, distribution and trade accounting for real environmental and social costs.

9. Principle of Care This principle states that precaution and responsibility are the key concerns in management, development and technology choices in organic agriculture. Organic farming should be managed in a cautionary and responsible way to protect the health and well -being of current and future generations and the environment. It is a living and dynamic system that responds to internal and external demands and conditions.

10. Advantages of organic farming Easy transition Production boost Saving Soil nourishment Biodiversity promotion Revenue generation Healthy alternative Better nutrition Long shelf life Better taste Free of poison

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14. Leaf Tobacco : The leaves of Nicotiana tabacum gives tobacco, which contains nicotine Being a contact poison, it is effectively used as a soap (i.e., as laurate , oleate , or naphthenate form). Soap solution of nicotine decomposes the sulphate into free alkaloid which produces more toxic effects to the insects. Nicotine is also used as a stomach poison along with bentonite. 40% Nicotine sulphate solution ( black leaf 40) is toxic to aphids, and its toxicity increases on alkalising this solution . Pyrethrum Flowers These are dried flower heads of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium or C. mars hallii of Compositae family. 0.5% of total pyrethrins ( pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II) constitute pyrethrum Derris and Lonchocarpus :The powdered root s mixed with water or with organic solvents (like ethylene dichloride, trichloroethylene, or chlorobenzene) are sprayed over plant species If large doses of it are inhaled or ingested, a number of oral mucous membrane problems, nausea, vomiting, muscle tremors, and tachypnoea develop. Ryania : The roots and stems of Ryania speciosa contain 0.16 -0.2% of insecticidal alkaloids. Ryanodine (the chief alkaloid) is a complex ester having 1 -pyrrole-carboxylic acid. This plant is used for controlling various lepidopterous larvae which attack fruits.