04..FIRE SAFETY and precaution and control measure

Fire safety is the set of practices intended to reduce the destruction caused by fire. Fire safety measures include those that are intended to prevent ignition of an uncontrolled fire, and those that are used to limit the development and effects of a fire after it starts.

1. FIRE SAFETY TRAIN THE TRAINER

2. Module: Description:
•Module 1 - Fire Prevention
•Module 2 - Principles of Fire
•Module 3 - Fire Fighting Equipment
•Module 4 - FIRE SAFETY TRAIN THE TRAINER Procedures
•Module 5 - Self Rescue Techniques
•Practical Assessment
•Written Assessment
•Q&A
Course Outline

3. Module 1 – Fire Prevention

4. Major Causes of Industrial Fires
•Cause
•Description
•Combustible materials
•Combustibles like paper, cardboard,
cloth, wood and oils
•Electrical problems
•Overloaded circuits and outlets,
damaged wiring, defective switches, and
damaged plugs
•Heat and ignition sources
•Source of heat or ignition (such as a
spark) can lead to a fire when
combined with combustible or
flammable materials
•Machinery
•Inadequately lubricated or dirty
machinery can also cause fires, as can
mechanical defects
•Smoking
•Employees may ignore the rules and
sneak a smoke in restrooms or some
low-traffic hideaway
Module 1 – Fire Prevention

5. •A fire must have three things to ignite and maintain
combustion:
•Fuel
•Heat
•Oxygen
•The ADVANCE strategy of fire prevention is to control or
isolate sources of fuel and heat in order to prevent
combustion.
•If all three are not present in sufficient quantities
a fire will not ignite or a fire will not be able to sustain
combustion
The Fundam entals of Fire Prevention Strategy
Module 1 – Fire Prevention

6. •Inspect all areas of your workplace for fire hazards on a regular basis.
•Educate employees about fire hazards
•Have the right fire extinguishers for the fire hazards in your workplace.
Have maintenance check extinguishers regularly
•Store materials safely. Keep storage areas well ventilated and free of
ignition sources
•Dispose of wastes promptly and correctly. Don’t allow combustible
waste materials to build up
•Emphasize good housekeeping. All work areas should be clean and free
of fire hazards
•Make sure ventilation systems operate effectively to remove flammable
vapors, gases, and combustible dust from the air
W orkplace Fire Prevention Strategies
Module 1 – Fire Prevention

7. •Service machines regularly. Set up an adequate maintenance schedule, and make
sure employees follow it.
•Pay careful attention to electrical safety. Check electrical circuits, outlets, wires, and
plugs regularly so that an electrical problem does not start a fire.
•Enforce fire safety rules. Make sure employees obey your no smoking policy and
other fire safety rules
W orkplace Fire Prevention Strategies
Module 1 – Fire Prevention

8. Module 2 – Principles of Fire

9. Oxygen to sustain com bustion
Heat to raise the m aterial to its
ignition tem perature
Fuel to support the com bustion
Rem ove one or m ore of the 3 elem ents to extinguish a fire
Fire Tetrahedron
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

10. A tetrahedron can be described as a pyramid which is a solid having four plane faces.
Essentially all four elements must be present for fire to occur, fuel, heat, oxygen, and a
chemical chain reaction. Removal of any one of these essential elements will result in
the fire being extinguished.
Fire Tetrahedron
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

11. •If one of the sides of the fire triangle is missing, the fire will
not start.
•The fire triangle forms the foundation for all methods of fire
prevention.
•If one of the sides of the fire tetrahedron is missing, the fire
will extinguished.
•The fire tetrahedron forms the foundation for all methods of
fire protection and firefighting.
Fire Triangle and Tetrahedron
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

12. •FUEL is:
Anything that will burn – solid, liquid, or gas.
•HEAT is:
Any source of energy that causes fuel to release flammable vapors.
•OXYGEN is:
Usually obtained from normal air, which is 21% oxygen.
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

13. FLAMMABLE SOLID FLAMMABLE LIQUIDFLAMMABLE GAS
Sources of fuel
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

14. •Solid fuels will ignite more quickly if they are in a
finely divided state.
• For example:
•if I took block of wood and in its blocked state
tried to ignite it. This would take a considerable
amount of time.
•If I chopped up the wood in to tiny shavings and
tried to ignite it would ignite more rapidly.
•In either state the wood must vaporize in order to
•combine with Oxygen so fire can occur.
Solid Fuels
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

15. •There are several concepts that need to be explained in order to understand how
liquid and gaseous fuels fire . These concepts are:
•Specific gravity
•Gas Specific gravity
•Boiling point
•Auto ignition temperature
•Flash point
•Flammability limits
•Flammability and combustible
Liquid and gaseous fuels
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

16. • The ratio of the weight of liquid to the weight of an equal volume of water.
• Specific gravity of water 1 at 4°C
• Specific gravity of petroleum and its product less than water so
• When use water in extinguishing petroleum fire water may spread fire.
• Can use water in fog or spray to smothering fire i.e reduce oxygen by
• Convert water to steam

Specific gravity
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

17. • The ratio of the weight of a gas to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the
same temperature and pressure.
•Vapor Specific gravity of petroleum and its product more than air so collected in
ground when release.
Gas specific gravity
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

18. •The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding
atmospheric pressure.
Boiling point
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

19. •Autoignition temperature
It is the lowest temperature at which it will spontaneously ignite in a normal
atmosphere without an external source of ignition, such as a flame or spark.
Module 2 – Principles of Fire
Boiling point

20. The flash point is the lowest temperature that a flammable liquid can generate
enough vapor to form a mixture with air that will ignite.
Flash Point
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

21. •The fire point of a fuel is the temperature at which it will continue to burn for at
least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame.
•Most tables of material properties will only list material flash points, but in general
the fire points can be assumed to be about 10 °C higher than the flash points.
However, this is no substitute for testing if the fire point is safety critical.
Fire Point
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

22. • The limits of flammability is the range that a
• mixture of air and vapor is flammable.
• Mixtures can be too lean (not enough vapor)
• or too rich (too much vapor) to ignite and burn.
Lim its of Flam m ability
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

23. LEL – “lower explosive limit”
UEL – “upper explosive limit”
Flam m able Lim its Exam ple
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

24. •In most work situations, the “lower explosive limit” (LEL) is the main concern.
•Vapors from flammable liquids can be found in the workplace, but are often too
diluted to catch fire or explode.
•However, these vapors can quickly go above the LEL in small room or confined
space like a tank.
Lower Explosive Lim it – LEL
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

25. Classes of clammableand Combustible iiquidsfffAfffCfAfB
2MMN4MNMMTPclash moint E
ocF
NMMBoiling moint EocF
CombustibleEcm > NMMocFclammableEcm < NMMocF •Flammable liquids
•The term flammable is typically used for liquids
with a flash point
•below 100F (37.8℃)
•Combustible liquids
•The term combustible is used for liquids with a
flash point above 100F (37.8℃)
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

26. Exam ples Flam m able liquids
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

27. Exam ples Com bustible liquids
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

28. •Represents heat energy necessary to release fuel vapors and cause ignition.
HEAT
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

29. •Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE)
•is the minimum amount of energy required to ignite a combustible vapor, gas or dust
cloud, for example due to an electrostatic discharge.
HEAT
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

30. HEAT
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

31. •Radiant or convicted heat from heaters
•Friction
•Hot surfaces
•Chemical
•Sparks
•Smoking
-Electricity [static or mains]
-Internal combustion engines
-Tools
-Flame
SOURCES OF IGNITION - Exam ples
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

32. Module 2 – Principles of Fire

33. •Self-sustained combustion occurs when sufficient excess heat from the exothermic
reaction radiates back to the fuel to produce vapors and cause ignition in the
absence of the original ignition source.
Self-Sustained Chem ical Reaction
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

34. •In most fire situations, the oxidizing agent is the oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere.
•Normal air contains 21 percent oxygen.
•Combustion can be initiated in atmospheres containing very low percentages of
oxygen depending on the fuel involved.
OXIDIZING AGENT
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

35. •It is not necessary to remove all the oxygen to extinguish a fire.
•Liquid fires can typically be extinguished by reducing the oxygen
•Concentration to 12–16%.
•Solid fires require a greater reduction, below about 5% for surface
•Smoldering and as low as 2% for deep-seated smoldering.
OXIDIZING AGENT
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

36. •Conduction - spread of heat energy through solids;
•Convection - heat transfer through a fluid or gas, involving expansion and
movement;
•Radiation - emission of heat energy through electromagnetic radiation in the infra-
red part of the spectrum, which is then absorbed by matter to varying degrees
Spread of Fire
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

37. Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Principles of Heat Transm ission and Fire Spread
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

38. •When heat travels along an object that is heated.
Conduction
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

39. •Heated air rising
Convection
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

40. •Heat of the fire is hot enough to ignite fuels nearby
Radiation
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

41. •Fire can start and spread fast.
•It is much easier to prevent the fire than to put it out.
Module 2 – Principles of Fire
Radiation

42. •Fire Triangle: Fuel, Heat and Oxygen
•Fire Tetrahedron: Fuel, Heat, Oxygen and chemical chain reaction
•Flash point: The lowest temperature that a flammable liquid can generate enough
vapor to form a mixture with air that will ignite.
•Fire spread by: Conduction, Convection and Radiation
Sum m ary
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

43. Classification of Fire
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

44. •Starvation: Removal of fuel
•Smothering: Removal of Oxygen
•Cooling: Removal of Heat
•Stop the Chemical Reaction

OXYGEN
HEAT
HEAT
FUEL
OXYGEN
FUEL
OXYGEN
HEAT
FUEL
Methods of Fire Extinguishm ent
Module 2 – Principles of Fire

45. Module 3 – Fire Fighting Equipment

46. Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment
Types of Fire Fighting Equipm ent
•Fire Extinguisher
•Fire Hydrant System
•Fire Sprinkler System
•Water Spray System
•Water Monitor
•Sand Bucket
•Hose Reel
•Fire Blanket

47. •Fire Detector
•Fire Alarm System
•“Break glass” Manual Call Point
•Main / Sub Alarm Panel
•Exit Staircase
•Fire Door
•Corridor/Lobby/Staircase
•Escape Route
Types of Fire Safety System
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

48. •Type of Alarm
•Description
•Human activated
•Pulling fire alarm
•Calling 998
•Smoke activated
Four Types of Alarm System
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

49. •Alarm activates when comes in contact with smoke
•You may not see the smoke
•Heat activated
•When temperature in area of alarm reaches certain point.
For example : 120 degrees
•Water flow indicators
•When sprinkler head is activated
•Temperature at ceiling reaches approximately 155 degrees
Four Types of Alarm System
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

50. DISCHARGE HOSE
DISCHARGE NOZZLE
DISCHARGE ORIFICE
BODY
DATA PLATE
CARRYING
HANDLE
PRESSURE GAUGE
(not found on CO2
extinguishers)
DISCHARGE LEVER
DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN
AND SEAL
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment
Fire Extinguisher Anatom y

51. Module 3 – Fire Fighting Equipment
Types of Fire Extinguishers - Water
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

52. Class “A” fires only.
2.5 gal. water at 150-175 psi (up to 1 minute discharge time).
Has pressure gauge to allow visual capacity check.
30-40 ft. maximum effective range.
Can be started and stopped as necessary.
Extinguishes by cooling burning material below the ignition
Pressurized W ater
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

53. Types of Fire Extinguishers - Foam
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

54. Class “A” and “B” fires only.
9 lit. FOAM at 150-175 psi (up to 1 minute discharge time).
Has pressure gauge to allow visual capacity check.
6-10 ft. maximum effective range.
Applied onto the oil container on fire and allowed to form a
layer on the liquid .
DO NOT apply on the heart of fire Extinguishes by cooling and
smothering effect
Pressurized Foam
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

55. Types of Fire Extinguishers - CO2
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

56. Class “B” or “C” fires.
2.5-100 lb. of CO2 gas at 150-200 psi (8-30 seconds discharge
time).
Has NO pressure gauge--capacity verified by weight.
3-8 ft. maximum effective range.
Extinguishes by smothering burning materials.
Effectiveness decreases as temperature of burning material
increases
Carbon Dioxide (Co2
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

57. Types of Fire Extinguishers - Powder
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

58. Class “A”, “B”, or “C” fires.
2.5-20 lb. dry chemical (ammonium phosphate) pressurized
to 50-200 psi by nitrogen gas (8-25 seconds discharge
time).
Has pressure gauge to allow visual capacity check.
5-20 ft. maximum effective range.
Extinguishes by smothering burning materials.
Multipurpose Dry Chem ical
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

59. A TrasU PooT Paper
B LiquiTs Grease
C NlecWrical NquipmenW
A TrasU PooT Paper
B LiquiTs Grease
C NlecWrical NquipmenW Types of Fire Extinguishers – Halon
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

60. Class “A”, “B”, or “C” fires (smaller sizes ineffective against Class “A”).
9-17 lb. Halon 1211 (pressurized liquid) released as vapor (8-18
seconds discharge time).
Has pressure gauge to allow visual capacity check.
9-16 ft. maximum effective range.
Works best in confined area--ideal for electronics fire due to lack of
residue.
Extinguishes by smothering burning materials.
Fumes toxic if inhaled.
Halon is ozone depleting chemical--production halted in Jan ‘94.
Types of Fire Extinguishers – Halon
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

61. Types of Fire Extinguishers – W et Chem ical
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

62. Class “A” C ‘’ , and ‘’ K’’ Fire
1.5 gal. of stored pressure PRX wet chemical extinguishing
agent (40 sec. discharge time )
10 – 20 ft. maximum effective range.
On Class ‘’K’’ fires, don’t use until after fixed extinguishing
system has activated.
Extinguishes by cooling burning material below the ignition
W et Chem ical
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

63. Types of Fire Extinguishers – Com bustible Metal
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

64. Class “D” combustible metal fires only.
30 lb. pressurized dry powder optimized for
specific combustible metal (also available in bulk
containers for hand scooping onto fire to
extinguish).
6-8 ft. maximum effective range.
To activate, must first open nitrogen cylinder on
back to pressurize body.
Extinguishes by smothering burning materials.
Com bustible Metal
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

65. •Internal Maintenance
•Water - every 5 years
•Foam - every 5 years
•Wet chemical & CO2 - every 5 years
•Dry chemical - every 6 years
•Halon and clean agents - every 5 years.
Fire Extinguisher
Module 3 – Fire Fighting
Equipment

66. FIRE
HYDRANT

67. FIRE HYDRANT
A fire hydrant is a visible fixture placed inside or outside a
building, parking area, industrial area, mine, roadside, etc.
that is connected to the municipal or a private water service
network. Fire hydrants are designed to instantly provide the
water required by fire fighters to extinguish a fire.

68. Fire Hydrant Protection System is designed to fight fire of huge
proportions, in all classes of risks. It is designed to be in
operation even if a part of the affected structure collapses.
Dry barrel and wet barrel are the two kinds of Fire Hydrants.
The wet barrel fire hydrant holds a constant water supply,
while the dry barrel fire hydrant needs to have a valve
release to let water in.
.

69. It is designed to provide rapid access to water
in the event that a fire breaks out

70. Wet Hydrant
Wet hydrants are widely used in places where
there is no problem of freezing. In such types of
fire hydrant systems, the water in the main, supply
the hydrant close to the surface. So, in cold
weather conditions, it is susceptible to freezing.

71. A dry hydrant system
stores the water below
ground. The Earth’s
temperature is usually
higher than the cold
environment temperature
in cold regions. So, the
possibility of freezing can
be prevented by this
arrangement.

72. Components of a Fire Hydrant System
The main components
•Fire Fighting Pumps & Accessories
•Piping
•Panels
•Landing Valves
•Hoses
•Couplings
•Hose Reel
•Branch Pipes & Nozzles
•Fire Brigade Connections
•Wiring & Instrumentations
•Maintenance Valves

73. Module 4 – FIRE SAFETY TRAIN THE
TRAINER Procedures

74. •Make sure you have an unobstructed escape route
at your back
•Fire should be small, confined and not spreading,
e.g. trash can fire
•Know that the extinguisher is right for the job
•Be trained on how to use an extinguisher
Before Using a Fire Extinguisher
Module 4 – FIRE SAFETY TRAIN THE
TRAINER Procedures

75. Pull the pin
Aim at the base of fire
Squeeze the handle
Sweep site by site
P.A.S.S (How to Use a Fire Extinguisher)
Module 4 – FIRE SAFETY TRAIN THE
TRAINER Procedures

76. Correct Use of Fire Blanket
Module 4 – FIRE SAFETY TRAIN THE
TRAINER Procedures

77. Correct Use of Fire Hose Reel
Module 4 – FIRE SAFETY TRAIN THE
TRAINER Procedures

78. •It is bigger than a waste paper bin
•One extinguisher is not enough
•No proper extinguisher or equipment
•Fire has spread beyond its point of origin
•Smoke is effecting your breathing
•You cannot see the way out
•Gas cylinders or chemicals are involved
•Your efforts are not reducing the size of the fire
•Instincts tell you to GET OUT!!!
W hen You Should Not Fight A Fire
Module 4 – FIRE SAFETY TRAIN THE
TRAINER Procedures

79. R Rescue
Alarm
Contain
Extinguish
A
C
E
R.A.C.E (Fire Em ergency Response)
Module 4 – FIRE SAFETY TRAIN THE
TRAINER Procedures

80. Module 5 – Self Rescue Techniques

81. Module 5 – Self Rescue Techniques
If Trap in a Fire?

82. If Caught in Sm oke?
Module 5 – Self Rescue Techniques

83. W hat to Do if Your Clothes Catch on Fire?
Module 5 – Self Rescue Techniques

84. Full Mask Half Mask Mouthpiece-nose-clip
Fire Escape PPE – Fire Escape Masks
Module 5 – Self Rescue Techniques

85. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
(SCBA)
Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus
(EEBA)
Fire Escape PPE – Breathing Apparatus
Module 5 – Self Rescue Techniques

86. Written Assessment

87. Thanks For Watching