08.Palynologyasataxonomictool.ppt

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2. Palynologicalcharacters
as taxonomic tools
By
Dr. ShabnumSaheen

3. PALYNOLOGY
•Palynologyis the study of pollen and spore morphology.Thisterm has been suggested
by Hyde and William (1957).
•It has application in plant taxonomy, plant geography, climatology and geology.
•Archaeological palynologyis the study of pollen, the virtually indestructible,
microscopic, but easily identifiable plant parts in archaeological sites.
•Pollen morphology of 9 species representing , Datura, alba, , Solanumnigrum,
Withaniaof the family Solanaceaeand Silibummaria, Calendula arvensis,
Parthiniumof the family Asteraceaeand Cassia accidentalis, Cassia fistula
,Delbergiasisoof the family fabaceaefrom Pakistan has beenexamined by light
microscope.

4. OBJECTIVE
The ojective of this study is to provide the importat data about pollen
morphology because this data is important for different fields of
science such as:
In texonomic point of view to delimit one genera from other.
On the basis of pollen character we may find compatible species in
nature for getting promising hybrids.
This pollen information may be important to a plant breeder and can
be used as diagnostic chacteristics in the identification of species
(Meo et al, 1988)
Pollen study also play an important role in the reconstruction of past
environament.

5. PALYNOLOGY OF FAMILY SOLANACEAE
Introduction
Solanaceae is a family of about 94 genera and 2950 species, sub cosmopolitan in
distribution.
Plants are herbs, trees and shrubs.
The Solanaceae (the nightshade family), until recently (Hunziker, 2001), have
traditionally been broadly divided into two subfamilies, the Cestroideae and the
Solanoideae.
The members of the traditional subfamily are customarily defined as those genera
possessing largely tropane alkaloids, tubular, often zygomorphic flowers and
generally prismatic seeds.

6. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pollen specimens collected from the Botanical garden of Lahore college for
women university Lahore.
The slides of pollen grains were prepared for light (LM) by the standard
method described by Erdtman (1952).
For light microscopy, florets were treated in acetic acid for few minutes.
Acetolyzed pollen material was mounted in unstained glycerin jelly and
observations were made with a Nikon Type-2 microscope, under (E40, 0.65)
and oil immersion (E100, 1.25), using 10x eye piece.
Polar and equatorial diameter, colpi length. P/E ratio, Exine thickness, shape in
polar view, shape in equatorial view, spine length, number of spine rows
between colpi and aperture types were recorded.

7. OBSERVATION

8. Fig1-Daturaalba

9. Fig2-Solanumnigrum
Fig 3-Withania somnifera

10. HOW TO DO MEASUREMENTS WITH MOTIC
SOFTWARE

11. Discussion
The family Solanaceaeis one of the most important families of flowering
plants economically, floristically, ethnobotanicallyand scientifically
(Olmstead & Palmer,1992).
Pollen morphology of the family is quite heterogeneous. (Erdtman,1952).
However, tricolporategrains are universally present. Pollen grains are
usually radiallysymmetrical, isopolar, prolate-spheroidalto sub-prolateor
prolate. Usually tricolporaterarely 4-colporate, colpalmembrane finely-
coarsely granulated or sub-psilate.
Tectumis mostly scabrate(coarse-fine). In addition to this, various grades of
rugulate-reticulate, reticulate-rugulate,striate tectumare also found.
However, tricolporatepollen with scabratetectumare more commonly found
within the family.
Most striking variation is found in the shape class, aperturaltypes and tectal
surface.


12. CONCLUSION
PollenofDaturaalbaisrecognizedbyitstectumreticulateregulatetype,
ornamentationcoarselyreticulate-rugulatetowardsapocolpiumregion,
PollenofSolanumnigrumisrecognizedbyitsscabratetectum.
Pollenmorphologyofthesegenerashowsconsiderablevariationinexine
pattern.
ThetaxonomicsignificanceofpollenmorphologyinSolanaceaeismoreor
lessobscure.Sometimesdifferenttribesorsubtribeshavesimilartypeof
pollenorviceversaGenerareferredtosametribeorsubtribemayhave
differenttypeofpollen(Erdtman,1952).
Forinstance,speciesofthegenusW.somniferahavequitedissimilar
pollengrainsandfallunderdifferenttypes.


13. PALYNOLOGY OF FAMILY ASTERACEAE
Introduction
Compositae(Asteraceaee)isoneofthelargestplantfamiliesconsistingof
herbaceousplantswithonlyfewexceptions.
Itiscosmopolitanindistribution,occurringinallcontinentsexceptAntarctica.
Thefamilyismostabundantinmountainsub-tropicallatitude.
Itishighlyevolvedfamilyamongangiospermsandisgenerallyregardedas
occupyingthehighestpositioninplantkingdomduetoitsgreat
preponderanceandcosmopolitanrange(Chopra,1970).
Thefamilycomprises±1535generaandoverc.2300speciesdistributedin
3subfamiliesand17tribes.
ItisalsothelargestplantfamilyinPakistan,representedbyover650
speciesdistributedin15tribesPollengrainsofAstereaespherical,
tricolporate,echinatewithabnormalitiesinsizeandcolpusnumber.
Pollensize,spinelengthandnumberofspinerowsbetweencolpicanhelp
insystematicstudiesinAsteraceae.

15. Fig4-Silibummaria
Fig5-Calandulaarvensis
Fig6-Parthenium

16. Discussion
MEO and KHAN (2003) Said that pollen exine thickness can be utilized as
diagonostic chacter in the genera of compositeae ( asteraceae).
Presence of spinules on the exine surface is an advanced character
(Takhtajan, 1980).
The pollen grain appearance and the number of pores (septs) are species
specific. Mägdefrau And Ehrendorfer (1978) have described in detail the
pollen grain morphology.
The part of the solid exine through which the pollen germination takes place
is called „aperture“
Apertures are openings through one part or whole exine. Calandula arvensis
have endopore and pollen grains are trizonocolporate and
tetrazonocolporate, which are mostly isodiametric and colpi or furrows which
are boat shaped.
Pollen grains with pori are called porate; those with colpi are called colpate;
and those with both pori and colpi are called colporate.

17. CONCLUSION
The shape of a grain can sometimes be useful in identifying of pollen
species, but not usually. It may vary considerably within one grain type, and
sometimes within one species.
The conclusion of this detailed research pollen grain structure inSilibum
maria, Calandula arvensis and Partheniumis that many forms of pollen
grains, including variations in their shape, size, number of colpi, and echine
are of different types with different length the fine sculpturing of their sexine,
are adaptations of these plants.

18. PALYNOLOGY OF FAMILY FABACEAE
Introduction
The family Fabaceae is known to be the third largest family of flowering
plants after Orchidaceae and Compositae with approximately 750 genera
and 18,000 species.
The members of the family Fabaceae or leguminous plants are climbers,
herbs, shrubs and trees inhabiting all habitats in most parts of the world.
Today, dry legume seeds are used for food throughout the world.
These are referred to as pulse, dry beans, legume seeds or legume grains.
Legume seeds are nutritionally, two or three times richer in protein than
cerea grains.

19. OBSERVATION

20. Fig9-Delbergiasiso

21. DISCUSSION
The ornamentation type of the pollen grains is a valid morphological
character in taxonomy.
Pollen grains whose exine surface is smooth or slightly ornamented and with
fewer numbers of pores/colpi termed primitive, while those with extremely
ornamented and having a great number of pores/colpi are considered
advanced (Van Campo, 1966; Cronquist, 1997).
According to a series of palynological observations we made on 3 taxa
belonging to family Fabaceae, the pollen type ofCassia occidentalis,
Cassia fistula, andDelbergia sisowas 3-colporate, 3-zonocolporate with
psilate perforate, Tectum striate-rugulate ornamentation
A striking fact of the evolutionary order of the three genera is that pollen
characters related to Delbergia sisospecies were established as porate,
reticulate; those related to cassia fistula which have Oblate-spheroidal to
Prolate-spheroidal or sub-prolate.

22. Inthisstudy,whichdealtwiththetaxonomicalpositionsofthefamiliesand
speciesinquestionunderthelightofpalynologicaldataobtained,itwas
establishedthatdelbergiasisohadatricolpate,reticulate,trilobedpollen
type.WhileinCassiaoccidentalispollenweretricolpateandpsilate,
perforate.
ThenumberofcolpiinthepollenofCassiaoccidentalismaybe2or3while
inDelbegiasisothesearealways3.
Althoughthepollenshapevariedfromoblatetosuboblate,oblate-
spheroidal,andornamentationwasreticulateanddisplayedfewvariations,
sotheDelbergiasisoandCassiaoccidentalisareconsideredtobemore
advancedtypebecausetheyhavetricolporatepollenascomparedto
Cassiafistula(VanCampo,1966;Cronquist,1997).

23. Ibelievedamorphologicalstudyofpollenhastobeaccuratewithinthemethodof
observationused(LEM).Thisaccuracyisindependentoftheapplicationfurther
giventothepollendescription.
Mypollendescriptionareusuallybasedonsinglespecimenandnotonsingle
sampleatstatedintheBolicetalarticle.Themeasurementsof5to10grainsat
specificpositionsinpolarandequatorialviewsrequirestheexaminationofatleast
threeslideseachwithalargenumberofpollengrains.Thereforeaminimumof
threesamplesareexamined.Iknowthisisasmallernumberforstatisticalpurpose.
Thisismyfirstworkonpollenmorphologythusthedescriptionoftheparticular
specimenmaybecheckedtoverifyoraddinformationonspecies.
Theirwillbeharberiumforpreservingpollenspecimensandalsotheirwillbea
completesetupforpreservingpreparedslidesofpollenofdifferentplant.
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