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Orchid

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3. Hot Spots of Native Orchids Terrestrial Small flowered Epiphytic 3

4. Orchids are the most beautiful flowers in God’s creation and have conquered the cut flower industry all over the world during the last few decades. One of the largest family amongst flowering plants. Exhibit an incredible range of diversity in size, shape and color of flowers. Valued as cut flowers, potted plants and most pampered plants. Considered as mysterious plants. Highest evolved among monocotyledons The orchid cut flower industry is growing at an annual rate of 10-20%. The world orchid trade is estimated to be around US $ 44 billion (Pradhan, 2001). Thailand alone has 2,240 ha of orchids with a production capacity of 22,500 tones/year worth US $ 26 million (Upadhyaya, 2003). Introduction 4

5. HISTORY Of ORCHIDS The origin of orchids on earth probably dates back to 120 million years From the records of history (older than 5000 years), it seems that orchids started in China. The Chinese name for orchids ‘ Lan ’ which means as “Like Meeting Good Friends” (Confucius 551-479BC). Around 300 BC, Theophrastus in his study “Inquiry into Plants”, he coined the term ‘ Orchis ’, to describe some of the Terrestrial species of orchids. Orchis - Greek word meaning “ Testicles”, referring to the paired underground tubers of terrestrial orchids. 5

6. USES OF ORCHIDS Suitable for interior decoration. Species like Malaxis muscifera, M. acuminata, Habenaria intermedia, H . edgeworthii - Ashtawarga (Group of eight drugs in Ayurveda system) (Singh, 2001) . Orchid tubers - Aphrodisiac Leaves of Vanda roxburghii - against rheumatism. Vanillin ( Vanilla planifolia ) - flavouring industries in ice-creams. Dendrobine and Nobilonine (alkaloids) - extracted from Dendrobium nobile. Laburnine - Liparis bicallosa. Malaxine - Malaxis congusta. Phalaenopsine - Phalaenopsis manii. Pseudobulbs of Cymbidium madidum and Dendrobium speciosum are used as food. 6

7. DISTRIBUTION OF ORCHIDS Tropical zone: Aerides sp., Bulbophyllum sp., Ascocentrum sp., Calanthe sp., Dendrobium sp. Sub- tropical zone: Bulbophyllum sp., Cymbidium sp., Dendrobium sp. Temperate & sub-temperate zone: Aerides sp., Arachnis sp., Bulbophyllum sp., Cymbidium sp., Vanda sp. Alpine & sub-alpine zone: Bulbophyllum sp., Herminium sp., Nervilia sp., Pleione sp . 7

8. Distribution of species in different regions of India North western Himalayas – 200 spp. North eastern India - 800 spp. Western ghats - 200 spp. Others - 100 spp. 8

9. CLASSIFICATION OF ORCHIDS 9

10. I. Growth structure in orchid Monopodials The orchids which do not make separate new growths in each season. The growth of the axis is stops at the end of each flowering season and continues in the next season by a newly grown axis. Do not have rhizome and where single stem increases its height throughout the life period, Ex. Aerides , Rhynchostylis , Vanda, Phalaenopsis , etc . 10

11. Sympodial The plant grows continuously in one direction only and their stems lengthen from one season to another and produce aerial roots along their whole length. Each new growth produces its own set of roots. Sympodial orchid stems are generally thickened and bulbous are named as pseudobulbs eg : Cattleya , Coelogyne , Epidenarum , Laelia and Sophronitis . 11

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14. II. Based on their habitats, orchids fall under 5 classes ( i ) Terrestrial (or) Ground Orchids Grow in soil, Sympodial and perennial Example : Spathoglottis plicata , Arundina graminifolia , Phaius tankervilleae , Cymbidiums,Paphiopedilum (ii) Epiphytic Orchids Grow well on other plants Abundant in humid tropical rain forests of India. - Elevation upto 3000m. Example : Vanda, Vanilla, Dendrobium, Cymbidium, Cattleya , Oncidium etc. (iii) Saprophytic Orchids Live on dead and decaying organic matter, - Found on the moist forest floors. Example : Neottia, Galeola, Listera etc. 14

15. Terrestrial (or) Ground Orchids 15 Arundina graminifolia

16. 16 Phaius tankervilleae Cymbidiums

17. Paphiopedilum 17

18. Epiphytic Orchids 18 vanda dendronium cattleya

19. Saprophytic Orchids 19 Neottia Galeola Listera

20. Based on their habitats, orchids fall under 5 classes (iv) Lithophytic Orchids Rarely found and they grow in moist, shaded rocks and crevices of walls. Example : Cymbidium munronianum , Diplomeris birsuta (v) Subterranean Orchids Underground orchids, - Found in Australia Example : Rhizanthetta and Cryptanthemis 20

21. III. Classification based on Temperature requirement Three temperature groups. Warm orchids: 15.5 o C Eg . Phalaenopsis , Vanda, Rhynchostylis and some Dendrobium species. Intermediate Orchids : 13 o C to 18 o C Eg . Cattleya , Laelia , Brassavola , Oncidium , Miltonia , etc.) Cool Orchids: 10 o C to 13 o C Eg . Cymbidium, plain leaf Paphiopedilum , some species of Miltonia , Odontoglossum and Dendrobium . 21

22. Botany Orchidaceae is the largest family of angiosperms. It comprises of over 800 genera and 35,000 species. The family, in addition, contains more than 80,000 hybrids. Sub Kingdom : Phanerogams Division : Angiosperms Class : Monocotyledons Order : Orchidales Family : Orchidaceae (Bentham & Hooker) Origin : Tropical Forests of Amazon & Indo - Malayan region 22

23. Orchid flowers Flowers of orchids are perfect, terminal, solitary or in a spike or raceme or panicle All orchids are made up of seven parts Three sepals Two petals a lip or labellum , which is actually another petal, but showier than the rest a column enclosed in the trumpet like part of the lip. The sepals and petals are typically coloured . The sepals may be free from one another or sometimes united on occasion forming a definite tube, which is called sepaline tube. 23

24. Floral Biology of Orchid The three inner floral segments are very irregular called the petals. One of them termed the lip or labellum is typically very much modified and enlarged. It is often the most prominent and distinctive part of the flower. In the bud, the lip is the uppermost petal It becomes the lower most one through a remarkable twisting of pedicellate ovary, a process known as resupination . The column is the reproductive part of the orchid blossom. Stamens are untied to the styles and stigma forming a column. 24

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28. Tropical orchids Vanda Diana profuse John club Kultana Gold Miss Joaquim Rothschildiana Wirat Worwatts Temperate orchids Arachnis Maggie Qei Cymbidium Calfornia ‘Cascade’ Christmas Beauty ‘St Fransis’ Christmas ‘Song’ King Arthur ‘Salvador’ Kumamto ‘Yellow Bird’ Pendragon ‘Sikkim’ Red beauty ‘Crosses’ Show girl ‘Malibu’ Vanquard ‘mass Aranthera Annie Black James Storii Aranda Ang Hee Sang Christine Kooi Choo Mandai Fragrance Nooran Dendrobium Caesor Ekapol red Fatim Joaqulin Thomas King Kobra Kaseem Gold Mary Mak Madame Pompadour Panda ,Sonia Spell Bound, Tomie Renanthera Alsagoff Peter Evert Wendy Scott Mokara Alex Hawaks Annie Black Philippinaris Charkuon –orange Cattleya Beauty’ Embers ‘ chris ’ BLC Udom gold ‘ Kanokpom ’ ‘ Alexanderi ’ Oncidium Golden shower Gower Ramsey Orchids suitable for cutflower production in India 28

29. Breeding objectives Improvement in colour , size and substance of flower Correct blending of colours in sepals, petals and lip Creation of rounded petals and sepals rather than twisted types Increase the length of spike and number of flowers/ spike Development of correct mode of display Extension of blooming period Development of orchids suitable as potted plants Development of hybrids insensitive to strict climatic regimes Resistance to pests, disease and viruses Bose et al.,(1999). 29

30. Cytogenetical studies Vij et al. (1986) reported that 30% of Indian Texa have 2n = 38 chromosomes, the other frequent numbers being 2n = 40, 42, 30 in 24.8%, 12.2% and 6.8%, respectively. A perusal of earlier literature (Abraham and Vatsala 1981) reveals that while both x = 19 and 20 are found in Tropical Asiatic species, the American Tropics show predominance of x = 20. Chro­mosome size varies in different genera. The smallest chromosome is found in Dendrobium lirdleyi ( Shekhar 1984). Most of the orchid chromosomes fall into median to submedian groups in majority of species ( Vij and Shekhar 1986). 30

31. Dendrobium lirdleyi 31

32. Hybridisation : Since 1865, when the first orchid hybrid Calanthe dominyi (C. masuca x C. furcata ) flowered, a very large number of artificial hybrids have been developed both at interspecific and intergeneric levels. To date, more than 45,000 hybrids have been registered. Natural hybridisation within the genus Platanthera in North America occurred between the closely related species P. dilatata , P. hyperborea , limosa . P. sparsiftora and P. stricta ( Schrenk 1978). A population of Oncidium near Santa Cruz was identified as being a natural hybrid of 0. stacyi and 0. jonesianum (Ragan and Sauleda 1982). Self-pollination occurs in Cypripediwn schlimii , Neottia sp., Phaius grandiflorus , etc. because of their inherent struc­tural arrangement which facilitates pollination and fertiliaation (Bose and Bhattacharjee 1930). 32

33. 33 Calanthe dominyi C. masuca C.furcata

34. Apart from crosses between two species in one genus, crosses between two or more genera have successfully been made and hybrids have been produced ( Moir 1975). Several Indian species of Aerides , Ascocentritm , Dendrobium , Cymbidium, Paphiopedilum , Phalaenopsis and Vanda have been extensively used in producing outstanding hybrids of the world today. Many bigeneric , trigeneric and quadrigeneric hybrids have been evolved by artificial hybridisation . In 1982, the first sexageneric hybrid Brilliandeara Gary was registered. This is the first sexageneric hybrid in the whole of plant kingdom. It has been named in the honour of Gary Brilliande , a famous orchid breeder. 34

35. Natural Hybridization The natural hybrids evolved from crosses between 2 species in the wild . Lack of crossability barrier between species coupled with polyploidy has led to constitution of several natural hybrids in wild. Earliest reported hybrids was Phalaenopsis intermedia from Philippines(Lindley, 1853) as a natural hybrid of Phalaenopsis aphrodita and Phalaenopsis rosea (Abraham and Vatsala , 1981) Natural Hybrids are Masdavellia,Oncidium and Odontoglossums . Most popular Vanda Hybrid are Vanda hookeriana . Natural inter specic hybrieds are reported in Cattelya , Laelia and Miltonia . 35

36. 36 Phalaenopsis intermedia Phalaenopsis aphrodita Phalaenopsis rosea

37. Artificial Hybridization First man made orchid hybrid, a cross between Calanthe masuca X Calanthe furcata flowered in 1856. The hybrid was named as Calanthe dominyi in honour of the breeder Mr. John Dominyi (Father of orchid breeding). In 20 years he produced 25 hybrids , including first bigeneric hybrid Laelio – cattelya in 1863 37

38. 38 Calanthe masuca Calanthe furcata Calanthe dominyi

39. Mutation breeding Mutations in vitro were induced through various mutagens ( Sanguthai and Sagawa 1973). 39

40. Polyploidy Colchicine has been used effectively in inducing doubling of chromosomes (Mc Leod 1947). Submerging bulbs of Cymbidium in colchicine twice within an interval of 10 days has been reported to produce tetraploids ( Merminger 1963). Similar technique has also been applied to Dendrobium ( corguthai et al. 1973) and in Vanda ( Sanguthai and Sagawa 1973). 40

41. Biotechnology American Orchid Society has taken a lead in stimulating interest in protoplast fusion research in orchids by the establishment of 'Eric E. Young Somatic Hybrid Prize' for raising hybrids of unusual genetic combinations from at least two species belonging to different texa which are otherwise not crossable (Fiske 1982). With Dendrobium and Phalaenopsis , 70— 90% of the protoplasts showed budding and about 1% showed autofusion . Protoplasts of Cattleya , Paphiopedilum and Renantanda , however, did not show budding. 41

42. He world's smallest orchid, at just over 2mm from petal tip to petal tip. The world's smallest orchid was discovered recently in a mountainous nature reserve in Ecuador by American botanist Lou Jost . Dr. Jost , a former physicist, now works as a mathematical ecologist, plant biogeographer and conservation scientist, and is one of the world's most expert orchid hunters. In the previous decade, Dr. Jost discovered 60 new species of orchids and 10 other new plant species. He discovered this diminutive plant whilst examining another species of small orchid that he was cultivating. 42

43. The tiny flower is just 2.1 millimeters less than half an inch across and the petals are only one cell thick: the flower is transparent. This discovery has been tentatively classified as a new species of Platystele , a genus that is primarily comprised miniature plants. Dr. Lou Jost found this. 43

44. INTERGENERIC HYBRIDS Bigeneric Hybrids: Aranda : Arachnis X Vanda Aranthera : Arachnis X Renanthera Ascocenda : Ascocentrum X Vavnda Trigeneric hybrids: Brassolaeliocattleya : Brassavola X Laelia X Cattleya Sophrolaeliocattleya : Sophronities X Laelia X Cattleya Mokara : Ascocentrum X Vanda X Arachnis Tretrageneric hybrids: Potinara : Brassovola X Sophronities X Laelia X Cattleya Robinara : Aerides X Ascocentrum X Renanthera X Vanda Pentageneric hybrids: Goodlera : Brassia X Cochlioda X Miltonia X Odontoglossum X Oncidium

45. Spider orchid Lady’s Slipper Orchid Vanda Aranda Aranthera Cymbidium Phalaenopsis Mokara

46. Steps involved in making a cross in orchid are as follows Collection of pollen: pollinia should be removed with a match stick or toothpick or stainless steel forcep or need le. A gentle pressure or a jerk just below the anther cap will easily dislodge the pollinia . Match stick or toothpicks are preferable as they can be discarded after every single use. 46

47. Emasculate the female parent: remove the pollinia from female parent by using a separate toothpick. Pollination:transfer the pollinia of male parent to stigmatic surface of female parents 47

48. Bagging: the crossed flower should be bagged with perforated butterr paper bag. Labelling : A proper label tag should be placed on the flower too maintain the correct identity of the cross. Record of the cross should aiso be maintained in a record book. 48

49. 49 Kiwi Boss 'Bright Delight' Silver Kiwi 'Mount Starville ' Bridal Kiwi 'Magic

50. 50 Kiwi Princess 'Samantha' Kiwi's Florimagic 'Christine'

51. 51 Leroys Envy 'Ruth'

52. 52 Kiwi Caravan 'Sweet Peppermint'

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