1.Dr.Rao_INTRODUCTION__&_SOURCES_21 Feb 2024.ppt

Intruduction and terminologies of pharmacology for bds students

1. WELCOME TO
PHARMACOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
Dr. R.Rao Prethendhira Singh
(BDS.,MSc Medical Pharmacology.,PG Dip in Clinical Research)
Dept. Of Pharmacology
Sri Ramakrishna Dental College & Hospital

3. What is Pharmacology?
Pharmacon + logos
Pharmacon = Scape goat --------> Drug
Logos = study
The Study of Drugs
Drug from drogue = A dry herb

4. •“A drug is any substance or product that
is used or intended to be used to modify
or explore the physiological system or
the pathological states for the benefit
of the recipient”.
DRUG : DEFINITION : WHO

5. DENTAL AND GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY AND
THERAPEUTICS
THEORY SYLLABUS
GENERAL SYSTEMIC
NEW DRUG DEVELOPMENT –
CLINICAL TRAILS
BIOMEDICAL ETHICS
PHARMACOECONOMICS
PHARMACOVIGILENCE
ALL SYSTEMS

6. TOPIC MUST KNOW DESIRABLETOKNOW NICETOKNOW
1. GENERAL
PHARMACOLOGY
DRUGSACTINGON
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
VITAMINS: WATER SOLUBLE
VITAMINS, VITAMIN D, VITAMIN K, VITAMIN E,
IMPLICATIONS OF VITAMINS IN CLINICAL
DENTISTRY.
2.
ANTIBIOTICS DRUGSACTINGONCENTRAL
NERVOUSSYSTEM
VACCINES
3.
NSAIDS DIURETICS
4. DRUGS ACTING ON GI
TRACT
DRUGSACTINGONBLOOD
5. LOCAL ANESTHETICS GENERALANESTHETICS
6. DRUGS ACTING ON
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
ANTINEOPLASTICAGENTS
7. INSULIN AND ORAL
HYPOGLYCAEMIC DRUGS
8. CORTICOSTEROIDS
9. ANTISEPTICS AND
DISINFECTANTS

7. UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION
Examination Internal
Assessment
Viva Totalmarks
Theory 70 10 20 100
Practicals 90 10 100
Total 200

8. DENTAL AND GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY AND
THERAPEUTICS
PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
PROCEDURES AND DEMONSTRATIONS:
1. PRESCRIPTION WRITING AND DISPENSING.
2. RATIONALE OF DRUG COMBINATIONS OF MARKETED
DRUGS
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
1. Dispensing pharmacy : 2 x 25 = 50 marks
2. Prescription : 2 x 10 = 20 marks
3. OSPE : 2 x 10 = 20 marks ( Total
= 90 marks )
VIVA
THEORY VIVA = 20 MARKS

9. RECORD NOTE / LOG BOOK
Record shall be maintained and assessed periodically by faculty and HOD.
Institution shall provide adequate number of cases / teaching materials as
specified in Dental Council of India regulation for the students during clinical
/practical training and examinations.
TEXT BOOKS
i. TripathiK D –Essentials of Pharmacology for Dentistry, 3
rd
Edn. 2016
ii. R S Satoskar-Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, 24
th
Edn. 2015
iii. BertamG Katzung-Basic and clinical pharmacology, 14
th
Edn, 2018
REFERENCE BOOKS
i. Goodman and Gilman-The Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics.13
th
Edn.
ii. Peter N Bennet, Clinical Pharmacology 11th Edn. Churchill Livingstone
2012.
iii. TripathiK.D., Essentials of Medical Pharmacology 8th Edn. JP Brothers,
2013

10. 1.Pharmacognosy
2.Pharmacy
3.PharmacoKinetics
4.Pharmacodynamics
5.Therapeutics
6.Toxicology
7.Chemotherapy
8.Pharmacoepidemiology
Terminology
9. Pharmaco economics
10. Ethno Pharmacology
11. Chrono Pharmacology
12. Pharmaco genetics
13. Pharmaco genomics
14. Pharmaco Vigilance
15. Pharmaco poeia
16. National Formulary

11. PHARMACODYNAMICS
What the drug does to the body & HOW it does?
Dynamics –power
Thus it is the power of drugs to bring about
-effects on organs & organ systems
(Pharmacological actions & application of effects
for safe use clinically and their adverse
effects when used so)
-their mechanism of action at molecular & cellular
levels to bring about these effects.

12. PHARMACOKINETICS
What the body does to the drug.
Kinetics –movement
This refers tothe movement of the drug by the
body;includes itsAbsorption, Distribution,
Plasma Protein Binding, Metabolism &
Excretionof the drug

13. Pharmacognosy
Study of medicinal
drugs derived from
plants or other natural
sources

14. Pharmacy
Art of storage &
dispensing of drugs.

15. Pharmaceutics
Identification, collection, purification, synthesis
standardization & quality control of medicinal
substances.

16. Therapeutics
Study of Treatment of diseases with drugs

17. Toxicology
Study of poisonous and toxic effects of drugs and chemicals

18. Chemotherapy
Study of treatment of infections / malignancy with specific drugs

19. Chrono Pharmacology
Study of relationship
between the time of
administration of
drug and its effect
and also the effect
of drug on the
biological rhythm

20. Pharmacopoeia
An official book
containing a
selected list of
drugs with
descriptions of
their physical
property,
identity, purity
& potency.

21. PHARMACOECONOMICS
Deals withthe cost
Economic aspects of drugs
used therapeutically.

22. PHARMACOGENOMICS
Is a branch ofgeneticswhich
deals withthe use of genetic
information inselecting drugs
for a person

23. PHARMACOGENETICS
The study ofinherited (genetically
mediated)differences(variation)in
drug metabolism and response in
humans

24. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Scientific study of drugs in man
It includespharmacodynamic and
pharmacokinetic investigation in healthy
volunteers and in patients;
Evaluation ofefficacy & safety of drugs;
Comparative trials with other forms of
treatment /surveillance of patterns of drug
use / adverse effect, etc.

25. ESSENTIAL DRUGS
Drugs thatsatisfy the priority healthcare needs of the
populationand hencemade available at all timesin
adequate amounts,in appropriate dosage forms.
Selected on the basis ofevidence onefficacy, safety
and comparative cost effectivenessof the drug.

26. ORPHAN DRUGS
These are drugsfor diagnosis, treatment,
prevention, of a rare disease or condition or
a more common disease(endemic only in
resource poor countries)for whichthere is
no reasonable expectation the cost of
developing and marketing itwill be
recovered from the sales of that drug.

27. ORPHAN DRUG
Sodium Nitrite for cyanide poisoning
Fomepizole for methyl alcohol poisoning
Digoxin Immune Fab for digitalis toxicity
Liothyronine T
3 for thyroid storm
Liposomal Amphotericin B for fungal infection

28. OTC & PRESCRIPTION DRUGS
OTC / Over the counter drugs:
These are safe drugs that can be sold without
prescription.e.g. Vitamins, antacids, etc.
Prescription Drugs:
These are drugs classified in various drug schedules
and used under medical supervisionand sold only on
submission of a medical prescription.
e.g. antibiotics, anxiolytics, antidepressants, etc.

29. DRUG NOMENCLATURE
1.CHEMICAL NAME
2.PROPRIETARY NAME
3.NON PROPRIETARY NAME

30. CHEMICAL NAME
It describesthe substance chemically
ASPIRIN
“ acetyl salicylic acid”
PARACETAMOL
“p-Acetaminophenol”

31. BRAND NAME
PROPRIETARY NAME
It is the nameassigned by the manufactures
and it is hisproperty or trade mark.
One drug mayhave multiple proprietary names
Metacin, Fepanil, Ultragen etc. for Paracetamol
Ecospirin, Loprin, Disprin etc.,for Aspirin

32. NON-PROPRIETARY NAME
Name accepted bya competent
scientific body / authority
ASPIRIN, PARACETAMOL, etc.
USAN -the United States Adopted
Name by the USAN council.
BAN –British Approved Name

33. SOURCES OF DRUG

34. Natural sources:
Chemicals:
Sulphur, Iron, Iodine, Aluminium hydroxide,
131
I, etc.
Minerals –
Liquid paraffin, Mg sulphate & trisilicate, kaolin, etc.
Animals-
insulin, thyroid extract, heparin, gonadotropins, etc.
Plants –
morphine, digoxin, quinine, atropine, reserpine

35. Plant products:
1. Alkaloids: Morphine
2. Glycosides : Digoxin
3. Oils : Fixed / Mineral / Volatile oils
4. Resins : Phodophyllum
5. Oleoresins : Benzoin
6. Gums : Agar
7. Tannins: Tannic acid

36. Human:
Immunoglobulins, growth hormone, HCG, etc.
Micro organisms –
Bacteria & Fungai
penicillin, streptomycin, griseofulvin, nystatin, etc.
Genetic engineering :
DNA recombinant technology:
Human insulin, Human growth hormone
Synthetic –
Aspirin, sulphonamides, procaine, corticosteroids,
newer penicillins, chloramphenicol, diuretics, etc.

37. University questions
All definitions-must know
Short notes:
1. Essential drugs
2. Orphan drugs
3. Nomenclature of drugs
4. Sources of drugs

38. Recommended Reference Books
1. KD. Tripathi’s
Essentials of Medical Pharmacology
2.Satoskar’s
Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
3. Goodman & Gilman’s
The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
4. Katzung’s
Basic & Clinical Pharmacolog
TARA SHANBHAGH –ESSENTIALS OF PHARMACOLOGY