1 ESOproject TEMA1 universe and Earth NEW.ppt

unit 1 universe and earth

1. Universe & Earth

7. THE UNIVERSE
The Universe includes all the things that exit arround us

8. Different old theories
to explain what the Universe was like:

9. Geocentric theory
(Ptolomy, 2nd century BC)
The Earth is the centre of the Universe

10. Heliocentric theory
(Copernicus, 1542)
The Sun is the centre of the Universe

11. WHAT MAKES UP THE UNIVERSE?
The known univers consists of billions of galaxies

12. Galaxies contain nebulae, large clouds of dust and gas, and
millions of stars that sometimes grup in huge grups called
star clusters

13. Galaxies also form clusters
Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is a cluster calledin the Local
Group

14. •Starsare large spheres of
incandescent gas (mainly H
and He
•They emit heat and light
through the nuclear reactions
that occur inside them
•They form when clouds of
gases are pulled together by
gravitational force
•There are different types of
stars depending on their
colour, size, mass,
temperature

15. A constellationis a group of stars that, when seen from Earth,
form a pattern.
The stars in the sky are divided into 88 constellations.

16. •Planetsare bodies that
orbit some stars
•They don’t emit light
•They make up planetary
systems
•Our planetary system is
the Solar System

17. •Natural satellites orbit some planets
•Our natural satellite is the Moon

18. 2. HOW BIG IS THE UNIVERSE?

19. Astronomical units (AU) =150,000,000 km=
= 0.0001 ly
Light-year (ly)
The distance light travels in one year=
=9.460,000,000,000 km = 63241 AU
WHAT UNITS OF MEASUREMENT DO ASTRONOMERS
USE?

20. . THE SOLAR SYSTEM

21. The solar system consists of:
The Sun
eight planets
64 known moons
many asteroids
millions of comets
and meteoroids, as well
as interplanetary dust and
gases

22. Kuiper beltOort cloud

24. The Sun:
-Is a medium size star
-Is almost 700 times the total
mass of all the bodies in the
Solar System
-Is at a mean distance from
the Earth of 149,591,000 Km
-Is composed mainly of H and
He
-Has a temperature of 10-
20,000,000 ºC at its center
-It emits a lot of heat and light

25. The inner planets
-The inner planets are the first four planets closest to the Sun,
which includes Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
-The 4 inner planets are smaller than the others
-They are called terrestrial or rocky because they have a solid
surface

26. Inner planetsMercury Venus Earth Mars
Interesting
characteristics
The
smallest
and
closest to
the Sun
Rotates in
opposite
direction
The only
planet with
life
Very thin
atmosphere
Average surface
temperature
-180ºC to
430ºC
465ºC -89ºC to
58ºC
-82ºC to 0ºC

27. Mercury
•Planet closest to the sun
•Second smallest planet
•Covered with craters
•Has no moons or rings
•About size of Earth’s moon
•No atmosphere

28. Venus
•Sister planet to Earth
•Has no moons
•Rotates in opposite direction
•Hot, thick atmosphere
•Brightest object in sky besides sun and moon (looks like
bright star)
•Covered with craters, volcanoes, and mountains

29. Earth
•Third planet from sun
•Only planet known to have life
and liquid water
•Atmosphere composed of
composed of Nitrogen (78%),
Oxygen (21%), and other gases
(1%)

30. Mars
•Fourth planet from sun
•Appears as bright reddish
color in the night sky
•Surface features
volcanoes and huge dust
storms
•Has 2 moons: Phobos
and Deimos

31. Asteroid belt
•Is a region located
roughly between the orbits
of the planets Mars and
Jupiter occupied by
numerous irregularly
shaped rocky bodies

32. The outer planets
-The outer planets are Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
-The outer planets, also called
Jovian planets or gas giants
-They are gaseous (mainly
composed of H and He) with
small solid or liquid cores and
they have rings
-The outer planets are so much
larger than the inner planets that
they comprise 99% of the mass of
the celestial objects orbiting our
Sun

33. Outer planetsJupiterSaturn Uranus Neptune
Interesting
characteristics
Largest
planet,
most
satellites
System of
rings
Rotational
axis almost
horizontal
Greatest
distance
from the Sun
Average surface
temperature
-150ºC -170ºC -200ºC -210ºC

34. Jupiter
•Biggest planet in
the solar system
•Brightest planet in
sky
•More than 60
moons, 5 visible
from Earth
•Giant red spot

35. •The Great Red Spot, a
huge storm of swirling
gas.
•Jupiter does not have a
solid surface. The planet
is a ball of liquid
surrounded by gas.

36. Saturn
•6
th
planet from sun
•Beautiful set of rings
•31 moons
•Largest moon, Titan,
•Easily visible in the night sky
•Saturn is made of materials that are lighter than water. If
you could fit Saturn in a lake, it would float!

37. Uranus
•7
th
planet from sun
•Has a faint ring system
•27 known moons
•Covered with clouds
•Uranus rotates horizontally

38. Neptune
•Last planet from sun
•Discovered through
math
•7 known moons
•Triton largest moon
•Great Dark Spot
thought to be a hole

39. The dwarf planets
Are rounded objects that are bigger than the small solar
system bodies such as asteroids and comets, but not as big
as planets.

40. Cometsare rocky objects covered with ice and other
chemical compounds
When a comet gets close to the sun, some of its ice turns
into gas forming as a visible long tail.
Short-period comets that complete their orbits in less than
200 years are thought to originate from the Kuiper belt,
while long-period comets that take more than 200 years
to return are thought to come from the spherical Oort
cloud.

42. Asteroidsare big pieces of rocks and metal most of which
circle the sun in a region known as the asteroid belt,
between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
There are more than 750,000 asteroids in the belt with
diameters larger than 1 kilometer, and there are millions of
smaller asteroids.

43. A meteoroidis a small
rocky or metallic body
travelling through space
Most are rocky pieces of
comets or asteroids while
others are collision impact
debris ejected from bodies
as the Moon or Mars
Meteoroids are smaller
thanasteroids and range in
size from small grains to 1
meter-wide objects.
Most meteoroids that enter
the Earth's atmosphere are
so small that they vaporize
completely and never
reach the planet's surface

44. A meteoris the flash of light
that we see in the night sky
when a meteoroid passes
through our atmosphere.
If any part of a meteoroid
survives the fall through the
atmosphere and lands on Earth,
it is called a meteorite.

45. Shooting star is a common name for the visible path
of a meteoroid as it enters the atmosphere, becoming a
meteor

46. Kuiper Belt
•Is a region of the Solar System beyond the planes located at
approximately 50 AU from the Sun.
•It is similar to the asteroid belt, but 20 times wider and 200
times massive.
•It consist mainly of small rocky bodies, remnants from the
solar system formation.

47. Oorts cloud
•Is a spherical cloud of icy
small rocky bodies that
may lie nearly 50,000 AU-
1 light year from the sun.
•Its outer limit defines the
boundary of the Solar
System.

48. THE EARTH

49. •The Earth has several types of movements:
–Rotation
–Revolution
–Precession
–Nutation
The movements of the Earth

50. •The Earth spins or rotates on its rotational or spin axis in a
counterclockwise motion, as viewed from above the North
Pole
•This movement causes days and nights

51. •During revolution, the Earth goes around the Sun in a
counterclockwise sense. The path this movement takes is
called an orbit
•The Earth’s orbit is an ellipse, so it isn’t a perfec circle
Imaginary surface of the orbit

52. •The Earth rotates on an axis that’s tilted in its orbit
•That tilt is always in the same direction and results in the
changing seasons on the Earth.
•The reason the seasons change has to do with how direct
the Sun is shining, as well as the length of a day.

53. •Summer is warmer
than winter (in both
hemisphere) because
the Sun's rays hit the
Earth at a more direct
angle
•During the winter, the
Sun's rays hit the Earth
at an extreme angle,
and the days are very
short.

55. Precession:the terrestrial spin axis describe circles around
the normal of the ecliptical plane .The period for a complete
rotation of the spin axis is 26,000 years.
Nutationis due
to small variations
in the obliquity
of the spin axis

62. Tidesare the rise and
fall of sea levels caused
by the combined effects
of the gravitational
forces exerted by the
Moon and the Sun and
the rotation of the Earth

64. video 9

65. The spheres of the Earth
Madeof granite
Madeof basalt

69. Exercises
1.Make a list of the planets in the correct order
2.Write your complete galatic address
3.Think what planet can have the longest orbit in the solar system.
4.If Mercury is 0.4AU from the sun, express this in km. How many AU is the Earth from the sun?
5.Calculate how many km is a light day.
6.Explain why in Venus a day is longer than a year
7.What is an orbit?
8.Why do we use light years for measuring in astronomy?
9.What do you cal lthe plane where planets orbit the sun?
10.Which planet has a) Big rings b)Big size c)Life d)Opposite rotation e)Horizontal rotation
11.On Earth, where does the sun rise, East or West? And in Venus? Why?
12.Explain the difference between the geocentric and heliocentric theories.
13.What 2 movements do ALL planets have?
14.Why does a comet have a tail? When it travels far away from the sun, will it still have a tail?
15.Which is our natural satellite? And our galaxy? And our cluster?
16.Draw a diagram of Earth and 1 person standing on each pole.
17.Many planets have atmospheres with acids. Could humans live there? What would we need to do to survive?
18.Explain the difference between a new and a full moon.
19.If the moon shines on the left when you look from the vNorth Pole, what side shines when you are on the South Pole?
20.Earth has 2 main energy sources: sunlight and gravity. Which makes the nucleus hot?
21.List the different places of the Earth where we find water.
22.What are they made of: a)inner nucleus b)continental crust c)oceanic crust
23.Define solstice and equinox. Why are there two of each?
24.Why is the sun more perpendicular at noon (12:00) in summer than winter?
25.Why do we never see the dark side of the moon?

70. Projects, tasks & Experiments
1.Summer: Make a project on the solar system (1page per planet; image+size+conditions+proximity).
2.Make a constellation on a black piece of paper, then shine it on the roof
3.Make a model of the Earth & Moon using polyestirene balls. Paint continents, oceans and a triangle with
the layers. Explain layers, day/night, moon phases and seasons in front of the class.
4.Make a model of the solar system to scale in the patio using peanuts, a ball, pins, peppercorns, and
chesnut.
5.Investigate what the words mean and draw a continent+ocean with plains, mountain ranges, continental
shelves, ridges, trenches, abyssal plains, and volcanic archipielagos.
6.Make a model of Earth’s layers: shake and let settle a mixture of sand, water, and oil
7.Investigate and describe a satellite made by human beings.
8.Investigate and explain if life would be possible on Mars.
9.Investigate and copy Jupiter’s conditions. Then invent and draw an alien that lives in Jupiter. Explain
what characeteristics it has for surviving in Jupiter’s conditions.
10.Investigate what is your horoscope, and copy what is the symbol and it’s constellation (stars).
TRANSVERSAL: Probabilities of aliens? If aliens
are very different, will we recognise them as live
beings? Black holes. Ethic to build spaceships if
hunger in Kenia? What was before/after universe?
Parallel universe theories. Timetravel paradoxes
(nothing moves faster than light). Could we
survive if Sun disappears? Artificial satellites are
watching us all the time. Scientific approach to
horoscope meanings: psychology and self-
suggestion.

71. Glossary U1
1.Star
2.dwarf planet
3.meteorite
4.comet
5.asteroid
6.shooting star
7.black hole
8.galaxy
9.cluster
10.rotation
11.nutation
12.precession
13.revolution
14.season
15.nebula
16.orbit
17.ellipse
18.ecliptic
19.AU
20.light year
21.atmosphere
22.hydrosphere
23.geosphere
24.biosphere
25.core
26.mantle
27.crust
28.geocentric
29.heliocentric
30.scientific theory
31.wobble
32.axis
33.new moon
34.equinox
35.solstice
36.artificial satellite
37.full moon
38.ring
39.belt
40.quarter

72. Glossary U1
1.Star estrella, estel
2.dwarf planet planeta nan
3.meteorite meteorit, aeròlit
4.comet cometa
5.asteroid asteroide
6.shooting star estel o estrella
fugaç
7.black hole forat negre
8.galaxy galàxia
9.cluster cúmul
10.rotation rotació
11.nutation nutació
12.precession precessió
13.revolution translació
14.season estació
15.nebula nebulosa
16.orbit òrbita
17.ellipse el·lipse
18.ecliptic eclíptica
19.AU UA
20.light year any llum
21.atmosphere atmosfera
22.hydrosphere hidrosfera
23.geosphere geosfera
24.biosphere biosfera
25.core nucli
26.mantle mantell
27.crust escorça
28.geocentric geocèntric
29.heliocentric heliocèntric
30.scientific theory teoria científica
31.wobble trontollar
32.axis eix
33.new moon lluna nova
34.equinox equinocci
35.solstice solstici
36.artificial satellite satèl·lit artificial
37.full moon lluna plena
38.ring anell
39.belt cinturó
40.quarterquart

73. Extra Resources•Circles in the sky
•For thousands of years most people believed that the Earth was at the centre of the
Universe, and that the Sun and the planets moved around the Earth.
•Ptolemy was an astronomer who lived in Egypt around 130 ad. He drew a map showing
the Solar System, and this ‘model’ lasted for 1500 years.
•In 1543 a Polish astronomer called Nicolas Copernicus published a book that said that it
was the Sun and not the Earth that was the centre of the Solar System. Copernicus had
written the book years before, but he did not have it printed until the year of his death,
because he was afraid of what might happen to him.
•The Roman Catholic Church believed that the Earth was the most important place in the
Universe, and so it must be at the centre of the Universe. People who argued against the
Church were called heretics, and were often tortured or put to death if they would not
change their minds.
•Other astronomers observed the sky, and believed that Copernicus was right. Others
were not convinced until an Italian astronomer called Galileo Galilei started observing
the sky through a telescope in 1609. The following year, Galileo discovered four of the
moons of Jupiter, and decided that they were orbiting Jupiter just like the Moon orbits the
Earth. This was important, because it showed that the Earth was not the only planet with
moons. This observation helped to persuade most astronomers that the Sun, not the Earth,
was at the centre of the Solar System. Galileo was arrested when he wrote about his
theory, and his book could only be published abroad.
•1How many other planets did Ptolemy know about when he drew his map of the Solar
System?
•2Write a list of the planets and Sun in Ptolemy’s system in order of their distance from
the Earth, starting with the Moon.
•3Why didn’t Copernicus publish his book as soon as he had written it?
•4What invention helped Galileo to prove that Copernicus was correct?
•5What did Galileo discover that helped him to prove Copernicus’ theory?
•6Why do you think that Galileo was arrested when he published his book?
•Ptolemy’s Solar System:
•All the statements on this page are true. The ones at the bottom of the page
EXPLAIN the ones in the table. Copy the explanations in the correct places
in the table.FACTS EXPLANATIONS
1 It is light during the day and dark at
night.
BECAUSE

2 We have four seasons during the
year.
BECAUSE

3 Days are longer than nights in
summer.
BECAUSE

4 The Sun feels hotter in the summer
than it does in the winter.
BECAUSE

5 Mercury is hotter than the Earth.

BECAUSE

6 The Sun looks much brighter than
the other stars.
BECAUSE

7 We can sometimes see the Moon at
night.
BECAUSE

8 The planets stay in elliptical orbits
around the Sun.
BECAUSE

9 Light years are used to measure
distances between stars.
BECAUSE


•aThe northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun in the summer.
•fThe stars are a very long way apart.
•bThe Sun’s rays are more concentrated in summer.
•gThe Moon reflects light from the Sun.
•cThe Earth spins on its axis once every 24 hours.
•hIt is closer to the Sun.
•dThe Sun’s gravity pulls on all the planets.
•iThe Earth’s axis is tilted.
•eThe Sun is much closer to the Earth than the other stars.