1-GENERAL ANATOMY & introduction to anatomy -2021.pptx

Anatomy

1. 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 1 GENERAL ANATOMY By Dr. Vikas Kumar Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY ARAWALI VETERINARY COLLEGE, SIKAR (AFFILIATED TO RAJASTHAN UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, BIKANER)

2. Anatomy -( Ana=apart; tomy =cutting ): Detailed structure studied by dissection ( the process of cutting apart or separating tissue ). It is a branch of biological science which deals with the form and structure of body and its parts. The term anatomy strictly means cutting open or dissociating the parts of the body . Veterinary Anatomy : Branch of anatomy which deals with the forms and structure of principle domesticated animals and birds. 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 2

3. Branches of Anatomy Gross anatomy / Macroscopic anatomy- The structures are studied after dissection , with the help of naked eye only. Histology and Cytology / Microscopic Anatomy – deals with the study of finer details of stricture of various tissue and different organs . Developmental Anatomy / Embryology- Study of development and growth of an organ or structure. 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 3

4. The anatomy can also be classified as Special Anatomy which concerns with one species. Comparative Anatomy : It is the description and comparison of the structures of different species of animal and forms a basis for their classification. Topographic Anatomy: Study of anatomy of organs in relation to surrounding structures in order to describe its location and position . Radiological Anatomy- The deeper tissues are studied with the help of X-ray without dissection. Surgical Anatomy- special method of study of veterinary anatomy, which deals with the sites and tissue encountered during surgical operations. Applied Anatomy- a branch of anatomy which deals with the utility and implantation of knowledge of anatomy in the different fields of veterinary science like Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Therapeutics, Pathology etc. 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 4

5. Systematic Anatomy The branch of anatomy deals with the different systems in the animal body are studied one after another. E.g. Skeletal system, muscular system etc. Osteology : Study of bones and skeletal system. Arthrology : Study of joints and articulations. Myology : Study of muscular system. Splanchnology : Study of organs of the digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system and genital system. Angiology: Study of cardio-vascular and lymphatic system. Neurology: Study of nervous system. Aesthesiolgy : Study of sense organs. 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 5

6. ANATOMICAL PLANES There are three anatomical planes of reference. Each plane is an imaginary “slice” through the body. Median plane : A plane that runs down the centre of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves . 2. Parasagittal plane- Plane parallel to the sagittal plane but not on the median line is called Parasagittal plane . Median plane: vertical plane → divides the body → symmetrical right and left halves. 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 6

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8. Transverse plane : A plane across the body that divides it into cranial (head-end ) and caudal (tail-end ), those are not necessarily equal. 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 8

9. Dorsal or Horizontal plane: frontal A plane at right angles to the sagittal and transverse planes. It divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts that are not necessarily equal 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 9

10. DIRECTIONAL TERMS Directional terms in anatomy provide a common language for accurately and clearly describing body structures regardless of the position of the animal’s body . These terms generally occur in pairs tha t have opposite meanings and are used chiefly to describe relative positions of body part It is assumed that the animal is in the ordinary standing position . 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 10

11. Cranial Caudal Rostral Dorsal Ventral Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Anterior Posterior 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 11 Palmar Plantar Axial Abaxial External Internal Superficial Deep Superior Inferior Apical Oral Parietal : Visceral: Somatic

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13. DESCRIPTIVE TERM IN LATIN THIS TERM USE IN THE BODY Dorsal Ventral Cranial Caudal 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 13 dorsal ventral cranial caudal

14. Dorsal and ventral refer to “ up and down ” directions with the animal in a standing position. Dorsal- means towards the back (top surface) of a standing animal. ex- The vertebral column is dorsal to the sternum. V entral means towards the belly (bottom) of a standing animal. For example - The udder is ventral to the tail., the kidneys are ventral to the backbone. Dorsal Referring to the back or topline 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 14 DORSAL VENTRAL Dorsal Ventral Ventral Referring to the belly or underside

15. Cranial and caudal refers to the ends of the animal as it stands on four legs. Cranial, cephalic means - direction towards the head. The neck is cranial to the tail. Caudal or posterior means direction towards the tail . The tail is caudal to the head Cranial Meaning towards the head Caudal Meaning towards the tail 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 15 CRANIAL CAUDAL CRANIAL Cranial Caudal

16. Rostral Means moving towards the nose. Rostra l is a special term used only to describe positions or directions on the head especially towards the tip of the nose . The eye is rostral to the ear . 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 16

17. Anterior - Front Posterio r - Rear 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 17 Anterior Posterior

18. Medial and lateral refers to positions relative to the median plane . Medial means towards the median plane ( toward the center line of the body) The sternum is medial to the limbs Lateral means away from the median plane . The scapula lies lateral to the spine . ribs lateral to lungs. Medial Towards the midline Lateral Moving away from the midline 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 18 MEDIAL LATERAL

19. Proximal and distal are used to describe positions only on extremities , such as leg, ear and tail, relative to the body. Proximal means towards the body . EX - The elbow is proximal to the ankle. Distal means away from the body. EX- The ankle is distal to the elbow. Proximal Moving closer to a structure or point of attachment Distal Moving away from a structure or point of attachment 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 19 PROXIMAL DISTAL

20. With respect to distal parts of limbs , the cranial and caudal faces are referred as dorsal and Palamar / volar respectively in the case of the pectoral limb and dorsal and plantar in the pelvic limb. Palmar - Below the proximal ends of the carpus , palmar replaces caudal The dewclaws are on the palmar surface of the forelimb Plantar -Below the proximal ends of the t arsus , planar replaces caudal The plantar surface of the foot. EX- dewclaws of the hind limb are on the plantar surface of the foot 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 20

21. The terms axial and abaxial are used to denote the structures lying towards or away from the central axis of the limb. Restricted to the digits, these terms indicate position relative to the longitudinal axis of the limb; axial and abaxial are closer and further to the longitudinal axis, respectively The lateral edge of the hoof is abaxial to the phalanges 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 21

22. Deep and superficial refer to the position of the body parts relative to the center or surface of the body . Deep means towards the center of the body or body part. ( Internal is sometimes used in place of deep). The heart is deep to the ribs. Superficial means towards the surface of the body. ( External is sometimes used in place of superficial ). The skin is superficial to the ribs. 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 22

23. Parietal: The body wall or the wall of the cavity Visceral : The viscera or organ in the cavity . Somatic : The part of the body other than viscera . Superior Above Inferior Below 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 23

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25. Term Meaning Usage Cranial Towards the head, trunk and tail Trunk and tail, limbs proximal to the carpus and tarsus Rostral Towards the tip of the nose Head Caudal Towards the tail Head and trunk, limbs proximal to the carpus and tarsus Dorsal Towards the back Trunk, head and the front of the limbs distal of carpus and tarsus Ventral Towards the belly Underside of the trunk, head Medial Towards the centre Head , trunk and limbs Lateral Towards the side Head , trunk and limbs Median In the middle Trunk , head and limbs Proximal Towards the trunk Limbs and other body parts located close to the trunk or projecting away from the trunk Distal Away from the trunk Limbs and other body parts located at a distance form the trunk or projecting away from the trunk 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 25

26. Term Meaning Usage Palmar Towards the palm of the hand Forelimbs distal of the carpal joint Plantar Towards the sole of the foot Hindlimbs distal of the tarsal joint Axial Towards the axis of the digits Digits Abaxial Away from the axis of the digits Digits External Located outside Body parts and organs Internal Located inside Body parts and organs Superficial Located near the surface Body parts and organs Deep Located in the depth Body parts and organs Temporal Towards the temporal bone Eye Nasal Towards the nose Eye Superior Above Eyelid Inferior Below Eyelid Apical Towards the tip Nose , digits and tail Oral Towards the mouth Head 08-02-2021 Dr Vikas Poonia 26