1.Geologic Time Scale and Earth's history

About Geological Time Scale. It wil help you to decode the Earth's evolution.

1. GEOLOGIC TIME What does that mean?

2. Source: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale

3. Chronostratigraphic Unit-terms Equivalent Geochronologic Units Eonothem Erathem System Series Stage Substage (Chronozone) Eon Era Period Epoch Age Subage ( Chron )

4. EONS

5. PHANEROZOIC TIME PIE

6. Hadean Eon ≈ 4600 Ma to ≈ 4000 Ma (≈ 600 myr ) Chronology of Events: Solar System Formation Moon Formation Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB) 4.1 to 3.8 Ga Carbonate mineral precipitation depletes atmospheric CO 2

7. Archaean Eon: 1500 Million Years Eoarchaean 4000 Ma to 3600 Ma 400 myr Paleoarchaean 3600 Ma to 3200 Ma 400 myr Mesoarchaean 3200 Ma to 2800 Ma 400 myr Neoarchaean 2800 Ma to 2500 Ma 300 myr ERA

8. Life during Archaean Major Groups of Life on Earth 3800 Ma Earliest Life 3500 Ma First Bacteria and Archaea (Prokaryotes – cells with no nucleus) Cyanobacteria or Blue-green algae Stromatolites

9. (Bell et al., 2015) Transmission X-ray image of RSES 61-18.8 (Jack Hills zircon) with graphite indicated.

10. Proterozoic Eon: 1958 Million Years From 2500 Ma to 542 Ma Palaeoproterozoic Era 2500 Ma to 1600 Ma 900 myr Siderian 2500 Ma to 2300 Ma 200 myr Rhyacian 2300 Ma to 2050 Ma 250 myr Orosirian 2050 Ma to 1800 Ma 250 myr Statherian 1800 Ma to 1600 Ma 200 myr Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) at 2400 Ma BIF Huronian Glaciation Appearance of Stable Continents Volcanic Activity Aerobic Organisms End of Huronian Glaciation Intense Orogenic Activity Stable Platforms COLUMBIA SUPERCONTINENT PERIOD

11. Configuration and paleogeographic position of the supercontinent Columbia ( Nuna ) Source: Zhang et al. (2012)

12. Mesoproterozoic Era 1600 Ma to 1000 Ma 600 myr Calymmian 1600 Ma to 1400 Ma 200 myr Ectasian 1400 Ma to 1200 Ma 200 myr Stenian 1200 Ma to 1000 Ma 200 myr Proterozoic Eon: Expansion of Platforms Ozone Formation Extension of Platforms Formation of Narrow Polymetamorphic Belts RODINIA SUPERCONTINENT Grenville Orogeny

13. Source: https://www.earth.northwestern.edu

14. Neoproterozoic Era 1000 Ma to 542 Ma 458 myr Tonian 1000 Ma to 850 Ma 150 myr Cryogenian 850 Ma to 635 Ma 215 myr Ediacaran 635 Ma to 542 Ma 93 myr Proterozoic Eon: Break up of Rodinia Sturtian Glaciation – Mass Extinction PANNOTIA SUPERCONTINENT Pannotia breaks up into LAURASIA & GONDWANA Pan-African Orogeny

15. Life during Proterozoic 2000 Ma - Orosirian First Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus) 1200 Ma - Ectasian First multicellular organisms ( Bangiomorpha pubescens – red algae) 545 Ma - Ediacaran First animals with hard parts

16. PHANEROZOIC EON

17. Phanerozoic Eon: 542 Million Years Palaeozoic Era 542 Ma to 252 Ma 290 myr Mesozoic Era 252 Ma to 66 Ma 186 myr Cenozoic Era 66 Ma to Present Ticking…

18. Major Animal Groups

19. Palaeozoic Era: 542 Ma to 252 Ma Cambrian 542 Ma to 488 Ma 54 myr Ordovician 488 Ma to 444 Ma 44 myr ----------------- Mass Extinction ----------------- Silurian 444 Ma to 420 Ma 24 myr Devonian 420 Ma to 359 Ma 61 myr ----------------- Mass Extinction ----------------- Carboniferous 359 Ma to 299 Ma 60 myr Permian 299 Ma to 252 Ma 47 myr ------------ Largest Mass Extinction ------------ Andean – Saharan Glaciation Karoo Glaciation PANGAEA SUPERCONTINENT

20. Source: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale

21. ( Vervoot et al., 2019)

22. Life during Palaeozoic 510 Ma - Cambrian First vertebrates (fish?) 480 Ma – Ordovician Marine invertebrates diversify (Trilobites) First green plants and fungi on land … and so on

23. Mesozoic Era: 252 Ma to 66 Ma Triassic 252 Ma to 201 Ma 51 myr ----------------- Mass Extinction ----------------- Jurassic 201 Ma to 145 Ma 56 myr Cretaceous 145 Ma to 66 Ma 79 myr ----------------- Mass Extinction -----------------

24. Cenozoic Era: 66 Ma to Present Epoch Paleocene 66 Ma to 56 Ma Paleogene 66 Ma to 23 Ma Eocene 56 Ma to 34 Ma Oligocene 34 Ma to 23 Ma Miocene 23 Ma to 5 Ma Neogene 23 Ma to 2.6 Ma Pliocene 5 Ma to 2.6 Ma Pleistocene 2.6 Ma to 11.7 ka Quaternary 2.6 Ma to Present Holocene 11.7 ka to Present PETM PETM: Palaeocene – Eocene Thermal Maxima

25. Source: http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale

26. (Walker et al., 2009, 2018)

27. (Walker et al., 2009, 2018)

28. (Walker et al., 2018)

29. Portion of the Indian stalagmite that was sectioned and analyzed layer by layer, and contains the layers chosen to define the beginning of the Late Holocene Meghalayan Age, 4200 years ago.  Image copyright IUGS

30. (Walker et al., 2018)

31. Surface air temperature is plotted as anomalies (differences) from the average over the reference interval 1960–1990 (which is about 14°C / 57°F) References: Veizer et al. (1999) Royer et al. (2004) Hansen et al. (2013) Zachos et al. (2008) Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) Johnsen et al. (1989) NGRIP, Andersen et al. (2004) Marcott et al (2013) Berkeley Earth land-ocean dataset (2014) IPCC Fifth Assessment Report WG1 Summary for Policy Makers (2013)