1- History, Paradigms and purposes.pptx

History ,paradigms

1. 1.1. History, Paradigms and purposes Introduction to Nursing Research ZEENAF ASLAM PhD Scholar, MSN (Gold Medalist), BSN, RN

2. Learning Objectives Know the history of nursing research Understand the paradigms of nursing research Explain the purposes of nursing research

3. Nursing Research - Introduction Research is systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems. The ultimate goal of research is to develop, refine, and expand a body of knowledge. Nursing research is systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration, and informatics. – Polit

4. Nursing Research - History Nursing research has experienced remarkable growth in the past three decades, providing nurses with an increasingly sound base of knowledge from which to practice. It is important to know the history of nursing research. The history will be dealt under various timelines. Florence Nightingale is often seen as the very first nurse researcher. Her research in the 1850s focussed on soldiers’ morbidity and mortality during the Crimean War. History of nursing research started from her period and started to grow from then on.

5. Evolution of Nursing Research Florence Nightingale initiated nursing research more than 150 years ago (Nightingale,1859). Following Nightingale’s work (1850-1910), research received minimal attention until the mid-1900s. In the 1960s, nurses gradually recognized the value of research, but few had the educational background to conduct studies until the 1970s. However, in the 1980s and 1990s, research became a major force in developing a scientific knowledge base for nursing practice.

6. Evolution of Nursing Research Many nurses obtained masters and doctoral degrees during the 1980s and 1990s, and postdoctoral education was encouraged for nurse researches. The ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research identified the research participation for various levels of educational preparation in the year 1989 which laid foundation for modern research in nursing and preparation for the 21 st century. The Vision for nursing in the twenty-first century is the development of a scientific knowledge base that enables nurses to implement an evidence-based practice (EBP)

7. Historical Events Influencing Nursing Research 1850 - Florence Nightingale is the first nurses researcher with studies conducted to improve soldiers health. 1859 - Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing is published. 1900 - American Journal of Nursing is first published. 1923 - Teacher’s College at Columbia University offers the first educational doctoral program for nurses. 1929 - First Master of Nursing degree is offered at Yale University.

8. 1932 - The Association of Collegiate Schools of Nursing is organized. 1950 - American Nurses Association (ANA) Publishes study of nursing functions and activities. 1952 - Nursing Research is first published. 1953 - Institute of Research and Services in Nursing Education is established. 1955 - American Nurses Foundation is established to fund nursing research. 1963 - International Journal of Nursing Studies is first published. 1965 - ANA Sponsors first nursing research conferences.

9. 1967 - Image (Sigma Theta Tau Publication) is first published. 1970 - ANA Commission on Nursing Research is established. 1972 - ANA Council of Nurse Researches is established. 1973 - First Nursing Diagnosis Conference is held. 1978 - Research in Nursing & Health is first published. Advances in Nursing Science is first Published. 1979 - Western journal of Nursing Research is first published. 1982-83 - Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) Project is published. 1983 - Annual Review of Nursing Research is first published. 1985 - National Center for Nursing Research (NCNR) is established within the national Institutes of Health.

10. 1987 - Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice is first published 1988 - Applied Nursing Research is first published. Nursing Science Quarterly is first published. 1989 - Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) is established Clinical Practice guidelines are first published by the AHCPR 1992 - Health People 2000 Published by the U.S Department of Health and Human Services Clinical Nursing Research is first published.

11. 1993 NCNR is renamed the National Institute of Nursing Research (NNR) 1994 Qualitative Nursing Research is first published 1999 AHCPR is renamed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 2000 Health People 2010 is published by the U.S Department of Health and Human Services. 2003 NINR identifies mission and funding themes for the future 2003 AHRO identifies mission and goals for the future

12. Paradigms of Nursing Research A paradigm is a world view, a general perspective on the complexities of the real world. Paradigms for human inquiry are often characterized in terms of the ways in which they respond to basic philosophical questions: Ontologic : What is the nature of reality? Epistemologic : What is the relationship between the inquirer and that being studied? Axiologic : What is the role of values in the inquiry? Methodologic : How should the inquirer obtain knowledge?

13. The Positivist Paradigm Positivism is rooted in 19th century thought, guided by such philosophers as Comte, Mill, Newton, and Locke. The fundamental ontologic assumption of positivists is that there is a reality out there that can be studied and known (an assumption refers to a basic principle that is believed to be true without proof or verification). Because of their fundamental belief in an objective reality, positivists seek to be as objective as possible in their pursuit of knowledge. The positivists’ scientific approach involves the use of orderly, disciplined procedures that are designed to test researchers’ hunches about the nature of phenomena being studied and relationships among them.

14. The Naturalistic Paradigm The naturalistic paradigm began as a countermovement to positivism with writers such as Weber and Kant. Naturalism is an outgrowth of the pervasive cultural transformation that is usually referred to as postmodernism. Postmodern thinking emphasizes the value of deconstruction—that is, of taking apart old ideas and structures—and reconstruction—that is, putting ideas and structures together in new ways. For the naturalistic inquirer, reality is not a fixed entity but rather a construction of the individuals participating in the research The findings from a naturalistic inquiry are the product of the interaction between the inquirer and the participants.

15. Major Assumptions of the Positivist and Naturalistic Paradigms ASSUMPTION POSITIVIST PARADIGM NATURALISTIC PARADIGM Ontologic (What is the nature of reality?) Reality exists; there is a real world driven by real natural causes. Reality is multiple and subjective, mentally constructed by individuals. Epistemologic (How is t he inquirer related to those being researched?) The inquirer is independent from those being researched; findings are not influenced by the researcher The inquirer interacts with those being researched; findings are the creation of the interactive process. Axiologic (What is the role of values in the inquiry?) Values and biases are to be held in check; objectivity is sought. Subjectivity and values are inevitable and desirable

16. Major Assumptions of the Positivist and Naturalistic Paradigms ASSUMPTION POSITIVIST PARADIGM NATURALISTIC PARADIGM Methodologic (How is knowledge obtained?) Deductive processes Emphasis on discrete, specific concepts Verification of researchers hunches Fixed design Tight controls over context Emphasis on measured, quantitative information; statistical analysis Seeks generalizations Inductive processes Emphasis on entirety of some phenomenon, holistic Emerging interpretations grounded in participants’ experiences Flexible design Context-bound Emphasis on narrative information; qualitative analysis Seeks patterns

17. Purposes of Nursing Research The general purpose of nursing research is to answer questions or solve problems of relevance to the nursing profession. The specific purposes of nursing research include identification, description, exploration, explanation, prediction, and control. Identification – One of the primary purpose is to identify new things which will help to improve the nursing.

18. Purposes of Nursing Research Description – research helps to describe an event or phenomenon which needs understanding. Exploration – research helps to explore the unknown and makes them available for learning and application. Explanation – research explains the existing concepts and phenomenon and clarifies the queries Prediction – research helps to predict the specific outcome and also helps to test the assumptions. Control – research helps to control the challenges by prediction of the problems and outcomes from the study.

19. Purposes of Nursing Research Provide a scientific basis for the nursing profession. Develop and evaluate new techniques for delivering patient care that is vital to patient’s health needs. Develop tools for assessing the effectiveness of nursing interventions. Provide solutions to problems concerning health maintenance, health delivery and health care. Help determine the areas of need relative to nursing practices such as patient-teaching and nurse-patient relationships. Develop and evaluate alternative approaches to nursing education that would enable that student to gain broad knowledge and specialized skills for safe practice. To prepare oneself to be a diligent practitioner of research.

20. References Carol Leslie Macnee , (2008), Understanding Nursing Research: Using Research in Evidence-based Practice, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 0781775582, 9780781775588 Densise.Polit , et.al, (2013). ‘Nursing research-principles and methods’, revised edition, Philadelphia, Lippincott http://nursingfile.com/nursing-research/characteristics-and-purpose-of-nursing-research.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/14185464/Importance-of-Research-in-Nursing#scribd http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677814/