1. Introduction, History & Scope or Imp.pptx

Introduction to biomolecules like carbohydrates, protein, lipids etc. History, scope and importance of biochemistry in horticulture

1. Introduction, History and Scope or Importance of Biochemistry in Horticulture The term Biochemistry ( bios G = life) was first introduced by a German chemist Carl Neuberg in 1903 and he is called as father of modern Biochemistry Chemical nature and chemical behavior The chemistry of living things Nature of the chemical constituents of living matter, their transformations in biological systems and the energy changes associated with these transformations. Biological Chemistry or Chemical Biology .

2. Modern biochemistry has two branches Descriptive biochemistry qualitative and quantitative characterization of the various cell components. Dynamic biochemistry elucidation of the nature and the mechanism of the reactions involving these cell components. Newer disciplines are emerging from the parent biochemistry enzymology , endocrinology ,clinical biochemistry, molecular biochemistry etc. Agricultural biochemistry, Pharmacological biochemistry etc.

3. History of Biochemistry In fact, the science of biochemistry may be regarded to have begun with the writings of Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim , better known as Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus (1493–1541). Foundation of chemotherapy “Life processes are essentially of chemical nature and diseases can be cured by medicines ” Jan Baptist van Helmont (1577–1644) amalgamated the science of chemistry with medicine which emerged under the name of ‘ medical chemistry’ (or Iatrochemistry).

4. Scheele and Lavoisier Karl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786), a swedish pharmacist, discovered the chemical composition of various drugs and the plant and animal materials. thus, laid the foundation of descriptive biochemistry Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794): He developed the concept of oxidation and also clarified the nature of animal respiration father of modern chemistry ’ Friedrich Wöhler : Synthesized urea, first synthetic chemistry achievement Justus von Liebig , a German chemist and discoverer of chloroform and who is often termed as ‘ father of agricultural chemistry ’ , arrived at the conclusion that “the nutritive materials of all greenplants are inorganic substances. founder of organic chemistry

5. Hermann Emil Fisher (1852–1919) may be regarded as landmark in the development of structural biochemistry. Friedrich Miescher (1844–1895) in 1869. His discovery of nucleic acids in the nuclei of pus cells. V. Mayer and Ludwing von Helmholtz (1821–1894) led to the formulation of the ‘laws of thermodynamics’. Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) He defined fermentation as “ la viesansl’air ” (life without air). Pasteur, thus, introduced the concept of aerobic and anaerobic organisms and their associated fermentations. Eduard Buchner (1860–1917) that sugars could be fermented by cell free extracts of yeast. Kuhne proposed the term 'Enzyme’

6. Frederick Gowland Hopkins , who developed the concept of deficiency diseases Their curative agents, which were called vitamins by a Polish biochemist Casimer Funk. Watson and Francis Harry Compton Crick, in 1953, proposed that a double-stranded DNA molecule. 1958 Meselson and Stahl Confirmed the Watson - Crick Model of semiconservative replication of DNA. In 1944 Avery, MacLeod and McCarty , demonstrated that bacterial transformation was caused by DNA. Soren Sörensen (1868–1939), a Danish chemist, developed our concept on pH (pH scale).

7. Scope and importance of Biochemistry in Horticulture   To evaluate nutritive value of fruits and vegetables etc., To study of anti-nutritional factor present in fruits and vegetables. Saponins , tannins, alkaloids In kesar dal ( Lathyrus sativa )ODAP-ß- oxyl - à - ß - diaminopropoinicacid or BOAA-beta oxyl -amino-L- alanine is neurotoxic causes lytharism Trypsin inhibitor or serine protease inhibitor ( serpins ) present in soyabean Aflatoxin in groundnut Beans have phytic acid and oxalic acid in tomato and amanitin in mushrooms

8. Methodology to remove these antinutritional factor like processing Ex; Soaking, cooking, germination, fermentation, selective extraction, eradication, and enzymatic treatment. Development and exploitation of better genotypes through conventional breeding and biotechnological approach. Transgenic papaya: ‘ Rainbow' and ' SunUp ’, resistant to papaya ring spot virus Beta carotene rich rice, golden rice-II ( biofortification , where the phytoen synthase ( psy ) gene from maize and carotene desaturase ( crtl ) from erwinia caratovora is transferred to the rice, it could accumulate the 37µg of beta carotene in endosperm of rice. Improved shelf life of tomato - Flauvrsaur , where the poly- galactourinase enzyme activity is inhibited by antisense RNA technology to slow down the ripening processes. Bt-cotton is transferred with the cry protein genes, are endotoxins to the bollworms. ‘ Pusa ashitha ’ carrot, is rich in anthocyanin developed through conventional breeding

9. Biochemistry of disease and pest resistance jasmonic , salicylic acid, and inositol triphosphate act as asingling molecules to activate the defence mechanism. pathogenesis related (PR) proteins, chitinases , phenols, flavonoids , tannins, and enzymes like superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and popyphenol oxidase have inhibitory action on the pathogen growth Biochemistry of drought resistance Osmolytes to maintain osmotic potential and to happen endosmosis. Compatible osmolytes : they does not have any charges and do not interact with other bio- molecules of cell. compatible osmolytes are sugar alcohols ( Pinnitol , mannitol , sorbitol ), amino acids ( proline , glycein betain ) and polyamines ( Putresine , spermedine ).

10. Biochemistry of salinity and heavy metal stress resistance heavy metal salts is ensured by a complex of cell-defense mechanisms, the most important of which are (1) the de novo synthesis of phytochelatins and metallothioneins , which bind heavy metals and thus withdraw them from active cell metabolism; (2) the synthesis of molecular chaperons, and (3) the formation and functioning of antioxidant systems. Food preservation and processing technology: P ost-harvest physiology of fruit crops and vegetables and their nutritional quality. Ethylene management is crucial as it is autocatlytic nature. Use of nonconventional sources of protein foods viz., single cell proteins, fish protein concentrates, mushrooms and leaf proteins. Algae: chlorella and spirulina Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae , candita utilis , geotrichum candidium Bacteria: Rhodospeudomonas Fungi: Aspergillus oryzae , sclerotium rolfsi , trichoderma . Mashrum ptein : Lectin having anticancerous property Leaf proteiron : Green leafy vegetables- Brusell , Spinach, Brocolli , Letuce , Cabbage, Mustard greens.

11. Developments in the field of intermediary metabolism i.e. synthesis and degradation of constituents of living tissues. Ginsenosides from ginseng plant: Miraculous promoter of health and longevity. Taxal : from taxus tree having anticancerous property Insulin is being synthesized in E. Coli by incorporation of genes of metabolic pathway of insulin.