1 Introduction.pptx environmental studies

environmental studies introduction

1. 1 Environmental studies Unit 1 2/14/2024

2. Environment studies PAPER 1 Unit 1: Introduction to Environmental Studies Unit 2: Ecosystems Unit 3: Natural Resources Unit 4:Environmental Pollution Books E. Bharucha Kaushik & Kaushik 2 2/14/2024

3. Understanding Earth: Evolution 3 2/14/2024

4. The Multidisciplinary Nature of Environmental Studies Environmental studies deals with every issue that affects a living organism. Its components include physics, chemistry, biology, geology, engineering, economics, statistics, computer, sociology etc. 4 2/14/2024

5. Scope of environmental studies: Industry (implement norms, green tech) Consultancy (formulate policies, strategies) NGOs (make people aware) Media and Advertising (News and Magazine) R & D Academics Marketing (ISO-14000; eco friendly products) Law (NGT) National and International organization 5 2/14/2024

6. 6 Scope of environmental Science Scope in Academics, At every level of education Scope in Industry- Industries have a separate environmental research and development section Scope in environmental consultancy- -work with central and state pollution control boards, formulate pollution control policies, devise strategies Scope in NGO- make people aware Scope in research and development- develop methodologies to monitor and control the source of environmental pollution Scope in marketing- develop eco-friendly products in diverse fields Scope in media and advertising- requires manpower with immense knowledge of environment Scope in Law- Environmental Lawyers Scope in national and international organisation- organisation working on environment need skilled people Multidisciplinary nature of environmental science Physical science- green house effect, acid rain, atmospheric science life science- zoology, botany, biodiversity Mathematics- climate model, weather prediction Geology/ geography- knowledge of earth Awareness- law, policies, sociology Management- commerce, economics, raw material and eco friendly products 2/14/2024

7. Environmental values: Direct value – Consumptive (food, fuel wood, medicine etc.) Productive (Commercial use) ( timber for construction, lake for recreation activities) Indirect value – Wetland as flood buffer Forests as carbon sinks Aesthetic value Eg : a beautiful sunrise; cool breeze 7 2/14/2024

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9. 9 Environmental services provided by natural ecosystems Local: Consumptive use by local people Indicator of environmental health Wildlife tourism, education and research Regional : Prevent soil erosion Maintain water regimes (Flood run-off) Micro-climate control Global: Photosynthesis Maintain natural cycle: water, O2, CO2, nutrient in soil Prevent green house effect Buffer air and water pollution 2/14/2024

10. Natural Resources 10 Atmospheres Oxygen for respiration CO2 for photosynthesis Protection from UV-rays by ozone layer Green house effect, flow of air, air ways, water cycle and rainfall Cloud formation (sulphate) and CCN wind power Dispersion of air pollutants Hydrosphere Drinking, washing and cooking Agriculture Industry Food resources (fish, crustaceans, seaweed) Hydropower project Water cycle (helps in filtration (renew), transport and storage of water) Lithosphere Agriculture Construction (stone, sand and gravel) Micronutrients for plants Habitat for microscopic flora and fauna Minerals for industry (metal, medicine, cosmetics etc.) Oil, gas and coal for energy Biosphere= Atmosphere + Hydrosphere + Lithosphere Facts: Water covers 70% of earth’s surface, but only 3% of this is fresh water. Of this, 2% is present in as polar ice caps and only 1% is usable water in river, lakes and subsoil aquifers India uses 87% of its water for agriculture, 8% for industry and 5% for domestic purpose A person needs a minimum of 20-40 litres of water per day for drinking and sanitation 2/14/2024

11. 11 The 17 SDGs are integrated- that is, they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social , economic and environmental sustainability . 2/14/2024 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report ( WCED : World Commission of Environment and Development, 1987). Sponsored by the  United Nations  (UN) and chaired by Norwegian Prime Minister  Gro Harlem Brundtland , the WCED explored the causes of environmental  degradation , attempted to understand the interconnections between social  equity ,  economic growth , and environmental problems, and developed policy solutions that  integrated  all three areas.

12. 2/14/2024 12 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the  Rio Conference or the Earth Summit  was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to June 14, 1992. Earth Summit was created as a response for member states to cooperate together internationally on development issues. Due to issues relating to sustainability being too big for individual member states to handle, Earth Summit was held as a platform for other member states to collaborate. The Earth Summit resulted in the following documents: Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Agenda 21 Forest Principles Moreover, important legally binding agreements (Rio Convention) were opened for signature: Convention on Biological Diversity Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ( Eg. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997.)

13. 2/14/2024 13 The Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles intended to guide countries in future sustainable development. It was signed by over 175 countries. The first principle states that sustainable development primarily concerns human beings , who are entitled to live healthy and productive lives in harmony with nature. Article 11 creates an expectation that states will enact environmental legislation . Further articles include formulations of the precautionary principle , which should be "widely applied by states according to their capabilities" (principle 15), and of the polluter pays principle , which states are encouraged to adopt where it is in the public interest to do so and it will not distort international trade and investment (principle 16). The final principle invites fulfillment of the other principles in a spirit of good faith. The Rio Declaration expresses a positive view of traditional ecological knowledge . The Forest Principles (also Rio Forest Principles, formally the Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests ) is a 1992 document produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the "Earth Summit"). It is a non-legally binding document that makes several recommendations for conservation and sustainable development forestry .

14. 2/14/2024 14 Agenda 21 is a non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard to sustainable development. Agenda 21 referring to the original target of the 21st century. Agenda 21 is grouped into 4 sections: Section I: Social and Economic Dimensions is directed toward combating poverty, especially in developing countries, changing consumption patterns, promoting health, achieving a more sustainable population, and sustainable settlement in decision making. Section II: Conservation and Management of Resources for Development includes atmospheric protection, combating deforestation, protecting fragile environments, conservation of biological diversity (biodiversity), control of pollution and the management of biotechnology, and radioactive wastes. Section III: Strengthening the Role of Major Groups includes the roles of children and youth, women, NGOs, local authorities, business and industry, and workers; and strengthening the role of indigenous peoples, their communities, and farmers. Section IV: Means of Implementation includes science, technology transfer, education international institutions, and financial mechanisms.

15. 2/14/2024 15 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS, TARGETS AND INDICATORS   In September 2000, world leaders came together at the United Nations Headquarters in New York to adopt the United Nations Millennium Declaration, committing their nations to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty and setting out a series of time-bound targets - with a deadline of 2015 - that have become know as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs recognize the contribution that developed countries can make through trade, development assistance, debt relief, and technology transfer.   To track the 8 MDG goals, a framework including a specific set of targets and indicators were identified. The  current list of official MDG indicators and targets , which was revised in 2007, supersedes the  previous list .  Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4. Reduce child mortality Goal 5. Improve maternal health Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development

16. 16 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) The concept of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was born at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20, in 2012 . The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty , protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. " Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present , without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.“ 2/14/2024

17. 17 There are 17 goals and 169 targets to be achieved by 2030. The list includes a reworking of the eight millennium development goals, such as eradicating poverty and hunger, improving education, and achieving gender equality, as well as new goals on water and sanitation, affordable energy, safer cities and climate change related to sustainable development. The 17 SDGs are integrated- that is, they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social , economic and environmental sustainability . Each of the 17 SDGs has specific targets to be achieved by 2030. The goals and targets are universal , meaning they apply to all countries around the world , not just poor countries. Reaching the goals requires action on all fronts – governments, businesses, civil society and people everywhere all have a role to play. 2/14/2024

18. 18 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition , and promote sustainable agriculture Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote life-long learning opportunities for all Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all Goal 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth , full and productive employment and decent work for all. Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems , sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Goal 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development , provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Goal 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development: finance, technology, capacity building , trade, policy and institutional coherence, data monitoring and accounting etc 2/14/2024

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20. 2/14/2024 20 History of Environmentalism Bishnoi of Rajasthan Chipko andolan was started by Rajasthan’s Bishnoi community ( In 1731 ). The incident has been etched in the annals of history for the sacrifice of a group of villagers, who led by a lady named Amrita Devi, laid down their lives while protecting trees from being felled on the orders of then King of Jodhpur . After this incident, the king, in a royal decree, banned cutting of trees in all Bishnoi villages. In Khejarli village of Rajasthan, 363 people of the Bishnoi tribe sacrificed their lives to save  khejri trees . The Bishnois , a Vaishnavite sect, living in western Rajasthan on the fringe of the Thar desert, have for centuries, been conserving the flora and fauna to the extent of sacrificing their lives to protect the environment. The basic philosophy of this religion is that all living things have a right to survive and share all resources. In the fifteenth century, Jambhoji , a resident of a village near Jodhpur, had a vision that the cause of the drought that had hit the area and hardship that followed was caused by people’s interference with nature. Thereafter, he became a sanyasi or a holy man and came to be known as Swami Jambeshwar Maharaj . This was the beginning of the Bishnoi sect. He laid down 29 tenets for his followers which included a ban on killing animals, a ban to the felling of trees – especially the khejri – which grows extensively in these areas , and using material other than wood for cremations. Nature protection was given foremost importance in these tenets. Since then, the sect has religiously followed these tenets.

21. 2/14/2024 21 When the king heard about this, he was filled with remorse and came to the village to personally apologize to the people. He promised them that they would never again be asked to provide timber to the ruler, no khejri tree would ever be cut, and hunting would be banned near the Bishnoi villages. The village of Jalnadi thus came to be called Khejarli . There are many stories about how the Bishnois have beaten up hunters and poachers for intruding in their area. The sacrifice made by Amrita Devi and over 350 others is a heart-rending example of their devotion. The Maharaja of Jodhpur wanted to build a new palace and required wood for it. To procure this his men went to the area around the village of Jalnadi to fell the trees. When Amrita Devi saw this she rushed out to prevent the men and hugged the first tree, but the axe fell on her and she died on the spot. Before dying she uttered the now famous couplet of the Bishnois , ‘A chopped head is cheaper than a felled tree’. People from 83 surrounding villages rushed to prevent the men from felling the trees and by the end of the day more than 350 had lost their lives.

22. 2/14/2024 22 Chipko movement The Chipko movement was a non-violent agitation in 1973 that was aimed at protection and conservation of trees, but, perhaps, it is best remembered for the collective mobilisation of women for the cause of preserving forests, which also brought about a change in attitude regarding their own status in society. The uprising against the felling of trees and maintaining the ecological balance originated in Uttar Pradesh’s Chamoli district (now Uttarakhand ) in 1973 and in no time spilled onto other states in north India. The name of the movement ‘ chipko ’ comes from the word ’embrace’, as the villagers hugged the trees and encirled them to prevent being hacked. Gaura Devi Sunderlal Bahuguna Chandi Prasad Bhatt The struggle  Chipko's first battle took place in early 1973 in Chamoli district , when the villagers of Mandal, led by Chandi Prasad Bhatt and the Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal (DGSM), prevented the Allahabad-based sports goods company, Symonds, from felling 14 ash trees.

23. 2/14/2024 23 Sunderlal Bahuguna is a noted Garhwali environmentalist, Chipko movement leader. first as a member of the Chipko movement in the 1970s, and later spearheaded the Anti- Tehri Dam movement starting 1980s, to early 2004 Mr Bahuguna coined the Chipko slogan: 'ecology is permanent economy '. Sunderlal Bahuguna helped bring the movement to prominence through about 5,000-kilometer trans-Himalaya march undertaken from 1981 to 1983, travelling from village to village, gathering support for the movement. He had an appointment with the then Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and that meeting is credited with resulting in Mrs. Gandhi's subsequent 15-year ban on cutting of green trees in 1980 . He was also closely associated with Gaura Devi, one of the pioneers of the movement. 2009: Padma Vibhushan Award by government of India for environment conservation

24. 2/14/2024 24 Gaura Devi, the head of the village Mahila Mangal Dal , led the first all-women action to save their community forest in March 1974. Gaura Devi mobilized 27 women and girls in the village(Reni village of Garhwal ), and together they went to the forest and confronted the lumbermen. Standing in front of the trees that had been marked for felling, Gaura Devi addressed the men: “Brothers! This forest is the source of our livelihood. If you destroy it, the mountain will come tumbling down onto our village.” She then placed herself in front of a gun brandished by one of the men. “ This forest nurtures us like a mother; you will only be able to use your axes on it if you shoot me first.” Initially met with abuse and threats, the women refused to move out of the way of the lumbermen. Composed of mountain farmers from Himachal Pradesh who understood only too well what Gaura Devi was talking about, the lumbermen quickly lost heart. After a three day stand off, they finally withdrew without having accomplished their task.

25. 2/14/2024 Appiko Andolan The famous Chipko Andolan (Hug the Trees Movement) of Uttarakhand in the Himalayas inspired the villagers of the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka Province in southern India to launch a similar movement to save their forests. In September 1983 , men, women and children of Salkani "hugged the trees" in Kalase forest. (The local term for " hugging" in Kannada is appiko ). Salkani village is located in Sirsi Tehsil of Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka, India. Appiko Andolan gave birth to a new awareness all over southern India . Appiko movement led by Panduranga Hegde During the 50s, the Indian government launched several development plans in the Western Ghats of Karnataka state. This area had been declared in fact “backward” and major industries were set up in order to promote the exploitation of natural resources. Forests turned to be sources of timber and eucalyptus and teak plantations, while many villages were being displaced by the construction of hydropower plants. The Supa dam, for example, was built over the river Kali in 1976. Large tracts of forests were submerged in the reservoir and many communities were displaced. The destruction of mixed semi-evergreen forests denied people access to biomass for fodder, food, fertiliser , etc. The deforestation led to severe soil erosion and drying up of perennial water resources. Moved by these impacts, the youth of the Salkani village launched a movement locally known as Appiko Chaluvali ( Appiko means “to hug” in Kannada).

26. The Appiko Movement is trying to save the Western Ghats by spreading its roots all over southern India. The movement's objectives can be classified into three major areas. First , the Appiko Movement is struggling to save the remaining tropical forests in the Western Ghats. Second , it is making a modest attempt to restore the greenery to denuded areas. Third , it is striving to propagate the idea of rational utilization in order to reduce the pressure on forest resources. To save, to grow and to use rationally - popularly known in Kannada as Ubsu ("save"), Belesu ("grow") and Balasu ("rational use") - is the movement's popular slogan. 2/14/2024

27. 2/14/2024 The Appiko Movement Methods First area of the Appiko Movement is to save the remaining tropical forests in the Western Ghats The Appiko Movement uses various techniques to raise awareness: foot marches in the interior forests, slide shows, folk dances , street plays and so on. The movement has achieved a fair amount of success : the state government has banned the felling of green trees in some forest areas; only dead, dying and dry trees are felled to meet local requirements. The movement has spread to the four hill districts of Karnataka Province and has the potential to spread to the Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu Province and to Goa Province. The second area of the Appiko Movement's work is to promote afforestation on denuded lands. In the villagers to grow saplings. Individual families as well as village youth clubs have taken an active interest in growing decentralized nurseries. The villagers have initiated a process of regeneration in barren common land. The Youth Club has taken the responsibility for the project and the whole village has united to protect this land from grazing, lopping and fire. In the areas in which topsoil is washed off, tree planting - especially of indigenous, fast-growing species - is done.

28. The third major area of activity in the Appiko Movement is related to the rational use of the ecosphere through introducing alternative energy sources to reduce the pressure on the forest. The activists have constructed 2,000 fuel-efficient chulhas ("hearths") in the area, which save fuelwood consumption by almost 40 percent . The other way to reduce pressure on the forest is through building gobar (gas plants ). An increasing number of people are building bio-gas plants. However, the Appiko activists are more interested in those people who are from poorer sections - who cannot afford gas plants - so they emphasize chulhas . The movement's aim is to establish a harmonious relationship between people and nature, to redefine the term development so that ecological movements today form a basis for a sustainable, permanent economy in the future. 2/14/2024

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