1. introduction to anatomy and physiology.pptx

introduction to anatomy and physiology

1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Maxim T. Barikder Lecturer, BANC

2. Introduction Anatomy It is a Greek word ( Ana-Tome): meaning cutting up. Anatomy is the study of body structure/ science of structure Physiology Physiology is the s tudy of body functions/science of body functions

3. Subdivisions of Anatomy 1) Gross Anatomy Systemic Anatomy Regional Anatomy Surface Anatomy 2)Microscopic anatomy Histology Cytology 3) Embryology 4) Developmental anatomy 5 ) Highly specialized branch of anatomy Pathological Anatomy Radiological Anatomy Clinical anatomy

4. Gross Anatomy It is also known as Macroscopic anatomy Study of large body structures visible to unaided/ naked eye. Gross anatomy is of two types- Systemic Anatomy Regional Anatomy Surface Anatomy

5. Surface Anatomy Study of form and markings of body surfaces, often explored through visualization.

6. Systemic anatomy Studies the structure of specific system of the body. Eg nervous system, reproductive system, musculoskeletal system.

7. Regional anatomy Studies the specific regions of the body. Eg head , neck, chest, etc.

8. Microscopic anatomy It studies the structures of the body which can not be seen with unaided / naked eyes. Microscope is needed to study this structures.

9. Histology Microscopic study of tissue of the body .

10. Cytology Microscopic study of cells of the body . Eg RBC, WBC, Plasma etc.

11. Embryology The study of developmental changes of a human embryos and fetus before birth during intra uterine life.

12. Developmental anatomy Studies about complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.

13. Pathological Anatomy Studies about structural changes associated with disease. Eg . Changes in integumentary system (skin) during scabies infection.

14. Radiological Anatomy Study of structure that can be visualized or seen with X-ray, CT Scan, MRI and other radiological tests images.

15. Clinical anatomy It is the application of anatomical knowledge in clinical practice. Applied anatomy Direct application of facts about human anatomy to medicine and surgery.

16. Subdivisions of Physiology Studies the function Neurophysiology - Studies the functional properties of nervous system(nerve cell). Endocrinology- Studies the function of hormones & how they control body functions. Cardiovascular physiology- Studies the function heart and blood vessels. Immunology- Studies about bodies defense against disease causing antigens. Respiratory physiology- Studies the function of respiratory tract & lungs. Renal physiology- Studies the functions of kidneys. Pathophysiology - Studies the functional changes associated/ related to disease.

17. Levels of Organization 1. Chemical level a. Atom b. Molecule The smallest unit of matter A cluster of atoms bonded together 2. Cellular level The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. 3. Tissue level A group of similar cells working on a common function 4. Organ level A group of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function 5. System level Several organs working together to perform a function 6. Organism A living being that has a cellular structure and can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

18. Levels of Organization

19. Significance of Anatomy and Physiology Provide basic knowledge about the human body and its functions. Provide theoretic and practical knowledge about human body. Helps in dealing with medical emergencies. Help in understanding the health status of patients. Helps in improving and polishing the medical and clinical skills. Helps diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.