1. Irradiance presentation for SOLAR .pptx

Part of the Convention meeting draft ppt

1. SOLAR Fundamentals 1 IIEE-CRCSA 2021 IIEE THEME: GOT-1-IIEE@46 TRANSCENDING THE CHALLENGES IN THE NEW NORMAL BY EMBRACING RESILIENCY AND COMPLEMENTARITY

2. Solar Irradiance Fundamentals of Solar PV

3. Irradiance 3 Solar irradiance is the output of energy from the sun received at an area on the Earth. It is measured in W/m² (Watts per meter squared) in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Solar irradiance received on Earth is subject to numerous factors such as atmospheric changes, weather events, and local ‘obstacles’ such as mountains or trees. As such, in order to measure all solar irradiance types, multiple sensors must be used. Pyranometer and pyrheliometer measures solar irradiance.

4. Source: Dr. Syed Noman Danish Solar Energy 30% is reflected back to space Earth receives 174 PW (only 1.5 trillionth of total solar energy) In one hour the earth receives more energy from the sun than the world consume in one year.

5. 5 Max. Irradiance per day ( 1.09 kW/m 2 ) Irradiance (kW/m 2 ) Sun Rise Sun Set Irradiance : Intensity of Solar energy kW/m 2 Insolation : Quantity of Solar energy kW h /m 2 (Irradiation) Insolation per day ( 7.7 kW h /m 2 ) Irradiance at 9:30 am ( 0.8 kW/m 2 ) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.2 Solar Energy Irradiance

6. Peak Sun Hours 6 1 kW/m 2 Peak Sun (Irradiance) Insolation ( kWh/m 2 per day ) Irradiance (kW/m 2 ) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.2 Peak Sun Hours ( hours per day at 1kW/m 2 ) 7.7 kWh/m 2 7.7 h Sun Rise Sun Set No particular clock time Not a sunshine hours 7.7 kWh/m 2 7.7 h Same Value Peak Sun Hours is used to calculate power generation of PV modules

7. Daily Insolation 7 7.7 kWh/m 2 7.7 h 5.4 kWh/m 2 5.7 kWh/m 2 3.3 kWh/m 2 0.6 kWh/m 2 5.4 h 5.7 h 3.3 h 0.6 h Sunny Sunny Cloudy Cloudy Rain Irradiance (kW/m 2 ) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1.2 Solar Energy changes daily Power Generation changes daily 492 Wh 345 Wh 364 Wh 211 Wh 38 Wh Insolation Peak sun hours Available power* ( @ 100Wp) *: at 100Wp SHS (PV efficiency 80%, Battery efficiency 80%)

8. Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) the amount of solar radiation received per unit area by a surface that is always held perpendicular (or normal) to the rays that come in a straight line from the direction of the sun at its current position in the sky. Typically, you can maximize the amount of irradiance annually received by a surface by keeping it normal to incoming radiation. This quantity is of particular interest to concentrating solar thermal installations and installations that track the position of the sun Different Type of Solar Irradiance

9. Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI) the amount of radiation received per unit area by a surface (not subject to any shade or shadow) that does not arrive on a direct path from the sun, but has been scattered by molecules and particles in the atmosphere and comes equally from all directions Different Type of Solar Irradiance Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) the total amount of shortwave radiation received from above by a surface horizontal to the ground. For this, a pyranometer positioned horizontally to the ground measures GHI. This value is of particular interest to photovoltaic installations and includes both Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI).

10. Insolation

11. Insolation

12. For small projects (<100 kilowatts), satellite-derived data used with simulation programs may be sufficient to estimate system output. For medium-sized projects, (1 00 to 1000kW), it is advisable to obtain at least a short period of high-quality ground measurements and estimate the interannual variability from the long-term satellite data. The ground measurements should be used to remove any bias from the satellite data. For large projects, collecting high-quality, on-site data for at least 1 year may be necessary. The data would be collected using a well-calibrated and maintained pyranometer in order to be of sufficient accuracy. Should the PV panels be tilted at roughly the same angle as the latitude of the site so that they point more normally toward the sun,a pyranometer tilted at the same angle might also be deployed. Availability of Irradiation Data – Actual data

13. Availability of Irradiation Data – Actual data

14. 16 Laoag, 2002 Insolation (kWh/m 2 /day) Insolation (kWh/m 2 ) Max. 4.9 Min. 3.3 Max. 6.0 Min. 0.1 Daily Monthly Ave. 4.2 Daily Monthly Expected Solar Energy if no cloud/rain Availability of Irradiation Data – Actual data

15. 17 Puerto Princesa , 2003 Insolation (kWh/m 2 /day) Insolation (kWh/m 2 ) Max. 6.2 Min. 4.1 Max. 6.9 Min. 1.0 Daily Monthly Ave. 4.9 Daily Monthly Solar Energy Availability of Irradiation Data – Actual data

16. 18 Zamboanga, 1997 Insolation (kWh/m 2 /day) Insolation (kWh/m 2 ) Max. 4.0 Min. 3.0 Max. 4.7 Min. 1.0 Daily Monthly Ave. 3.3 Daily Monthly (Needs bigger PV) Availability of Irradiation Data – Actual data

17. Tilt Angle The purpose of tilt angle Optimize power generation throughout a year How to optimize? Increase power generation at low insolation month Decrease power generation at high insolation month South Low insolation  Lower Optimized Not Optimized Dec. (Low Insolation) Loss Loss Dec. (Low Insolation) Jun. (High Insolation) Jun. (High Insolation) High insolation  Higher Low insolation  Higher High insolation  Lower Horizontal Tilted South Minimum is 10º - 15 º to avoid dust accumulation

18. Tilt Angle

19. Tilt Angle

20. Tilt Angle

21. Tilt Angle

22. Tilt Angle 24 Example of effect by various tilt angle Recommended tilt angle is 10º - 15 º facing to equator in Philippines. Too much tilt angle reduces the energy. Example at Cebu