1.Nursing History N2003.pptx for nurses and lhvs

Nursing history for nurses and lhvs ppt

1. History of Nursing Profession Prepared By Nursing lecturer Momal Menghwar (BCNAHS) Nursing History.Momal Menghwar.FON 1

2. Characteristics of profession (Nursing) Authority to control its own work Exclusively unique body of knowledge Extensive period of formal training Specialized competence Control over work performance Service to society Self regulation Legal reinforcement of professional standards Ethical practice Intrinsic rewards Public acceptance Nursing History.Momal Menghwar,FON 2

3. Cont ………… Nursing History.Momal Menghwar,FON. 3 Nursing (as a profession ) Profession- a calling in which its members profess to have acquired special knowledge by training or experience, or both so that they may guide, advise or save others in that special field. Florence Nightingale Nursing is the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.

4. Cont… Nursing History.Momal Menghwar, FON. 4 Nursing (as an art) Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance of health. It involves the creative application of knowledge in the service of people Nursing (as a science) It is the “body of abstract knowledge” arrived through scientific research and logical analysis. Is the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting individual to achieve optimal health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential problem.

5. Nurse: Definition Nursing History.Momal, Menghwar,FON. 5 Nurse • Comes from a Latin word “to nourish” or “to cherish • One who cares for the sick, the injured, and the physically, mentally, and emotionally disabled • One who advise and instruct individuals, families, groups and communities in the prevention, treatment of illness and diseases and in the promotion of health. • An essential member of a health team who cares for individuals, families and communities in disease and illness prevention and in the promotion of health.

6. History of Health Care and Nursing in Ancient civilizations 6

7. Ancient civilizations Nursing History.Momal Menghwar, FON 7 The first nurse – the first mother Illness was seen as “magic” “sin” or “punishment” Old Testament refers to dietary, hygiene and health laws for the Hebrews There was no organized nursing care

8. Evolution of Nursing Nursing History.Momal Menghwar, FON 8 As an instinctive response to the desire to keep healthy, the sick Responsibility – nurturing children, care of the elderly and the sick Education – Through trial & error and information sharing, intuition Religions – accepting the illness but Superstition & magic

9. Ancient Societies 9 Nomadic Solidarity for mutual protection Belief in the power of Gods Black and white magic Ingenious techniques of health practices, Medical & Surgical treatments, Massage, fomentation, trephining, bone setting, amputation, hot and cold baths.

10. ANCIENT BABYLONIANS (1900BC) Nursing History.Momal Menghwar, FON. 10 Code Of Hammurabi 1st record on the medical practice Established the medical fees Discouraged experimentation Specific doctor for each disease Right of patient to choose treatment between the use of medicine, or surgical procedure No organized nursing care.

11. ANCIENT EGYPTIANS (3000 BC) Nursing History.Momal Menghwar, FON 11 They derived 700 therapies from minerals, plants and animals Prescriptions were made up in the forms of pills, tablets injections, infusions, powder, inhalations etc ( Kalisch 2004) By river Nile. Healthiest & most advanced Priest physicians - Belief in evil spirits A system of community planning (hygiene, sanitation, embalming, dentistry) There is in evidence of hospitals and nursing in record of this era. Dissection Prohibited. Hence no further progress Documentation about 250 diseases and treatments

12. HEBREW Nursing History.Momal Menghwar, FON. 12 Motivated servant of God ‘Mosaic code’- Isolation, hygiene, rest & sleep, hrs of work, disposal of excreta, disinfection, regulations to check animals before slaughtering/ eating Religion ‘Do not eat meat past the 3rd day’ King gave health power to ‘priest physician’ Priest physician – took the role of health inspector Basic nursing practices were existed.

13. Cont ……… Nursing History.AJMAL KHAN.MScN 13 Purification of man and his food The ritual of Circumcision – on the 8th day after birth Meant as a survival for health and hygienic reason only Use of pharmacologic drugs

14. ANCIENT CHINA (3000 BC) Nursing History.Momal Menghwar, FON. 14 By the Yellow river – Patriarchal role Importance to rule of etiquette Value of family as a unit Women inferior to men ‘Yang’ & ‘Yin’ – Active, positive, masculine energy force (male) & passive, negative, feminine energy (female) force 2000 BC – Dissection done, circulation, pulse, elaborate materia medica, importance to hygiene

15. Cont…….. Nursing History.Momal, Menghwar, FON 15 Started rule of physical exam – ‘Look, listen, ask and feel’,Started baths to reduce fever (Jamieson& Sewall 1954) 1200 BC - Liver diet for anemia, Hence nursing was impossible

16. ANCIENT INDIAN Nursing History.Momal, Momal , FON 16 First civilizations were highly developed 1500 BC Ayurveda Explains hygiene, disease prevention, major/ minor surgery, children’s disease, inoculation, material medical, disease of CNS & GUS 1400 BC- Sushruta ‘Father of Surgery’ in India, Charaka wrote ‘Internal medicine’

17. ANCIENT INDIAN Nursing History.Momal,Menghwar, FON 17 Charada-Samhita : Established four qualities for nurses: Knowledge of drug preparation Cleverness Devotion to patients Purity of body and mind ( Nutting & Dock 1935) King Ashoka (272 – 236 BC) Public hospitals with male nurses and some older women, hospitals for animals. Universities (monasteries) of Taxila & Nalanda (Bihar) Nurses should have 3 qualities – high standards, skills and trustworthiness

18. ANCIENT GREEK Nursing History.Momal Menghwar, FON 18 Apollo (son of God) – God of health Asklepios (son of Apollo) – God of healing Epigone – ( Asklepios ’ wife) – The soother Hygeia – (daughter of Asklepios ) – Goddess of health Temples ( Abaton ) – became social, intellectual and medical centers Aristotle – differentiated arteries from vein They believed that birth and death cause permanent pollution, therefore the terminally ill were left on the street to die.

19. Hippocrates (in the 5th B.C) Nursing History.Momal Menghwar, FON 19 • Known as “Father of Medicine” Hippocratic oath is from him Said Illness had specific causes: black bile, Yellow bile and red bile Developed terms prognosis, diagnosis, cure Diagnosis—identifying disease scientifically Prognosis—predicting possible outcome Cure— restoration of health NURSES: A function of untrained slaves

20. ANCIENT ROMANS Nursing History.Momal Menghwar, FON 20 Medical advances borrowed from Greece after they conquered it believed that lost health could be restored by the Gods. Made drainage systems, drinking water aqueduct, public baths, hospitals Reserved best medical and nursing care for soldiers. Men & women of good character did nursing Two classes Patricians (upper class) Plebicians (Lower class)

21. Nursing in Early Christian Era Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 21 Women began nursing as an expression of Christianity (acts of mercy) Women were recognized (first recording in history) as important members of community Phoebe considered the first Deaconess and visiting nurse Fabiola started the first public hospital in Rome Fabiola Phoebe:

22. High Middle Ages (1000-1475 A.D) Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 22 Small states emerged after wars Catholic Church became dominant Medicine declined Monastatic orders began with strict discipline, Obedience and devotion Monasteries became the place for education of medicine and nursing. But Too strict > Diminished interest in work > decline of monasteries between 9th and 10th century.

23. Cont …….. 12th – 16th century – Ruled by religious order Nursing done by dedicated women, who took vows, but could not leave or get married. nursing brothers were also. Age – Between 16 – 24 yrs Nursing History.Momal Menghwar, FON 23

24. The Crusades 1095-1291 Nursing History.Momal ,Menghwar FON 24 • Europe rose to reclaim the Holy Land from the Muslims • Hospitals developed on the battlefields • Knight Hospitaliers of St. John’s of Jerusalem cared for the injured • Knights organized nursing care • Had a probationary period before you could wear the “white” robes of knighthood • Nursing became acceptable for women and encouraged by Catholic Church

25. The Bubonic Plague (1347-1350) Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 25 Ended the middle ages Was very deadly Germs carried by rats Killed ¼ of the entire world population

26. 18th, early 19th centuries Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 26 The sick and poor were in great numbers ”change” was needed, the stage was set for those with “social” vision 19th century Era of social reform for prisons, public health and care of the poor Pastor Theodur Fliedner opened the Kaiserwerth Deaconess Institute—the first REAL nursing school Its most famous student: Florence Nightengale (1820-1910)

27. Florence Nightingale Nursing History.Moomal Menghwar FON 27 Mother of Modern Nursing Went to Kaiserwerth for 3 months On Oct. 21, 1854, left with 38 women for the Crimean War, British casualties were high; within 6 months, death rate cut in half Made rounds at night with a lamp “Lady of the Lamp” Opened the Nightingale School of Nursing in 1860 where she stressed good food, clean air and sanitation Wrote textbooks on nursing Wrote famous “Notes on Nursing” Some of her ideas are still valid today

28. History of Nursing in Pakistan IN 1947: MAJORITY OF NURSES LEFT INDIA BRITISH NURSES GONE TO ENGLAND ONLY ABOUT 500 QUALIFIED NURSES WERE IN THE COUNTRY THERE WERE ONLY THREE SCHOOL OF NURSING WERE EXISTING: Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar Meo Hospital, Lahore Civil Hospital, Karachi Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 28

29. EFFORT WERE STARTED BY: Mohatarma Fatima Jinnah and Begum Rana Liaquat Ali Khan 1948 – 1949: Four School of Nursing were established: School of Nursing Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore Two in East Pakistan Early 1960s: Certificate programme was replaced by Diploma programme Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 29

30. Cont… 1956 Govt of Pakistan with USAID: Postgraduate College of Nursing was established at JPMC : Prepare Nurse Educators and managers Till 1973, Nursing was regulated by: East and West Pakistan Nursing Council: Responsible for: Examination Issuance of Diploma All matters related to Nursing Education Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 30

31. Cont… Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC) was formed after the constitution of 1973 PNC started as regulatory body for: All provinces of Pakistan to regulate the Provincial Examination Boards i.e.: NWFP NEB SNEB PNEB Balochistan NEB Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 31

32. Cont… In 1987:Revision of Nursing Curriculum 1988 Post RN BScN programme first started by School of Nursing Aga Khan University (AKUSON) Early 1990 at Public Sector of Pakistan like Jamshoro College of Nursing and so on… Early 1990s: Post basic programme in different disciplines were started in different provinces of the country Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 32

33. Cont… In 1997 School of Nursing Aga Khan University Started BSN (Four years) programme. In 2001 Aga Khan University SON started MSc N. Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 33

34. International Council of Nurses Codes Nurses have four fundamental responsibilities To promote health, To prevent illness, To restore health, To alleviate suffering. Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 34

35. Professional organizations and unions International Council of Nurses (1899): Geneva, Switzerland. Sigma Theta Tau International (1922): In India. Become international honor society for nurses in 1985. American Nurses Association(1911) Pakistan Nursing Council (1948) Pakistan Nurses Federation registered in 1972 Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 35

36. References: Hood L.J (2010) Leddy & Pepper’s Conceptual Bases of Nursing (7th.ed).Lippincot Williams & Wilkins London. current nursing .com/ nursing .../quality_ standards _ nursing .html Nursing History.Momal Menghwar FON 36