1.Research Design 1 presentation by yosuf chelik

Research design

1. ARAŞTIRMA SÜRECİ ve ARAŞTIRMA
DÜZENLERİ
(TheResearchProcessandResearchDesign)

3. KLİNİK ARAŞTIRMALARDA BİYOİSTATİSTİĞİN
ROLÜ
TheRole of Biostatisticsin ClinicalResearch

5. Bilimsel Bir Araştırmada Beş Temel Kriter
FiveCriteriaforScientificResearch

6. Theresearchprocessandanalysis
Planning andpreparation-2

7. Whatisresearch?
Researchisknowntomakeknown,tosolveacomplexproblembyreducingit,thentowrite
itbyputtingyournameonitbywritingitverysimplyandclearly.
Importantstepsintheresearchprocessare:
•Selectingatopic;
•Developmentofaresearchquestion;
•Effectiveplanningoftheresearch;Whileresearching
•beorganizedandmethodical;and
•Reportingoftheresearch.

8. Researchidea:
Themostimportant,mostinterestingphaseoftheresearchisthestepofpresentingtheresearch
proposal.Inthissection,whytheresearchproposalisinteresting,differentaspects,shouldbe
expressedwithanopenproposal.
DataCollection
Themostimportantstepintheresearchisthecollectionofdata.Ifthedataiscollectedincorrectly,it
isafactthattheresultswillbefoundtobeinaccurate,whethertheresearchisasimportantasitis
requested,orifyouhavereceivedalotofmoneysupport.
Thereshouldbesomeindispensablefeaturesinthedata.Let'sexplainsomefeaturesasfollows;
Thedatamustbevalid.
Thegeneralizabilityofthedatashouldbeproven.
Thedatashouldbeaccurateandreliable.
ThedatashouldbeneutralThedatashouldbecomplete.

9. Evidence-Based Decision
Adecisionmustbeevidence-basedtobeaccurateandstrong.Anynon-evidence-baseddecisionsand
interpretationshavenovalidity.
Three dimensionsof evidence-baseddecisionmaking;
Thebestevidenceforcurrentresearch,
Empiricalevidenceandcontextualevidenceshouldbe takenintoaccount.

10. Evidence Status
The best evidence should be provided in the research. The above figure shows
weakness or strongnessof evidence. There is a growing need for all healthcare
professionals to base their practice on the best evidence.

11. Theevidenceclassificationstagesin theresearchareas follows:
Level I: Evidenceobtainedfromsystematicreviewswithrandomizedtrials(RCTs)
Level II: At leastone, welldesigned, evidencefromtheRCT
Level III: Evidenceobtainedfromcohortorappropriatelymatchedcase-controlled
studies(quasi-experimental)
IV. Level: Evidencefromwell-plannednon-experimentalstudies(descriptivestudies)
V. Level: Opinionsof therespectedauthorities, expertcommitteereports

12. Therearethreeseparatecomponentsof evidence-basedpractices:
1. Systematicuseof thebestavailableevidence,
2. Combiningthisinformationwithpersonalexperienceandknowledge,
3. Integratingpatients' valuesandchoicesintodecisionprocesses.

13. Validitymeansthata measurementtoolis onlysensitivetowhatit measures. An IQ test wouldonly
be validifit measuresdifferencesin intelligence. Accordingtothissituation, it doesnot meanhow
tiredornervousyouareduringthetest, but it willbe importantthatonlytheintelligencesituation
affectsthescore.

15. Reliability is a term that indicates the consistency of the measuring instrument. In
repeated measurements, the meter is called reliable if it gives the same results. In
terms of research, reliability refers to the reproducibility of research results.

16. Externalvalidityis a conceptthatshowsthegeneralizabilityof theresults. Themain
purposeof theresearchis tomaketheresultsgeneralizable. Itis clearthatthevalidity
of theresearcheswhoseresultscannotbe generalizedcannotbe preserved. Oneof
themostimportantfactorsaffectingexternalvalidityis theselectedexample(samle).
Internal reliability; It is a concept that indicates whether other researchers will
achieve the same results using the same data.
External reliability explains whether research results will be achieved in similar
environments.

17. Validity and Reliability Comparison
Reliability takes into account a single truth.
Conversely, if the validity is more than one, it is true.

18. Generalization
Generalization is an essential component of a broad scientific process.
In an ideal world, generalized results are obtained about the population as a result of an
example taken instead of an entire population to test a hypothesis.
This is also the formation of generalizability through induction.
One of the most important goals of the researcher is to obtain generalizable results.
Therefore, the selected sample volume is very important.When the sample volume is not
large enough, the generalization of the results to the population is unlikely.
Generalizability also indicates the strong external validity.

19. Case report;
•The researcher works on a single event and the generalizability of such
studies is poor but validity is high.
•This is because the researcher can see the results in depth or in a long time
and obtain the results.
•As further cross-sectional schemes are used to select multiple data,
generalizability is high but validity is slightly weaker.

20. Bias:
1. An inclination or preference that influences judgment from being balanced or even-
handed. Prejudice is bias
2. Statistics: A systemic inaccuracy in data due to the characteristics of the process
employed in the creation, collection, manipulation, and presentation of data, or due to
faulty sample design of the estimating technique.

21. •Bias in research;
•The result of systematic error is that the results are wrong and wrong. There can
be three kinds of bias in research.These are respectively
•Bias in sample selection,
•Bias in obtaining information,
•The confounding-mixer can be classified as errors under the influence of a third
variable.
•Confounding errors made by the effect of a third variable; The relationship
between the condition investigated and the resulting outcome may be partly or
wholly dependent on the third variable.

24. Repetition in research
The repetition principle is important in scientific research, because the
observational indexes are random variables, which require a certain amount of
samples to reveal their changing regularity.
To repeat the same drug or method to two or more patients under the same
conditions.

25. Control (Control)
A study that compared results from a treated group and a control
group.
Medical Definition of Research, controlled. Research, controlled:
A study that compared results from a treated group and a control
group. The control group may receive no treatment, a placebo, or a
different treatment.

30. Thefigureaboveillustratesthestructureoftheresearchschemesandisdividedintotwomainsections.”ObservationalStudy“
and”ExperimentalStudy“.Inastudy,experimentalresearchisamethodinwhichallfactorsthoughttobeabletomeasure
variables(propertiesthatcanbemeasuredquantitativelyandtakedifferentvalues),torevealthecause-effectrelationships
betweenthesevariablesandtofindthetruequalityoftheserelationshipscanbetried.

33. Case Control
Finding the risk factors related to the disease in a questioning with the people in
the past, it is a study order compared with the control group selected in the
population.
The control group should be composed of a healthy group without disease.