1.Research Method and the way to write proposal

Methodology of study

1. ميحرلا نحمرلا للها مسب

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✓Theword“Research”isderivedfromtheFrenchterm“recherche”,
whichmeanstogoaboutseeking.
➢Researchisasystematizedefforttogainnewknowledge
-Redman and Mory.
➢AbroaddefinitionwasgivenbyGodwinColibao(inThebroadest
senseoftheword)researchincludesanygatheringofdata,information
andfactsforadvancementofknowledge.
➢Research(WHOHealthresearchmethodology,1992,aguidefor
traininginresearchmethods):Isaquestforknowledgethroughdiligent
searchorinvestigationorexperimentationaimedatthediscoveryand
interpretationofnewknowledge.
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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✓ :anintegralpartofyourpractice.
▪Researchisundertakenwithinmostprofessions.Morethanasetof
skills,researchisawayofthinking;examiningcriticallythevarious
aspectsofyourday-to-dayprofessionalwork;understandingand
formulatingguidingprinciplesthatgovernaparticularprocedure;and
developingandtestingnewtheoriesthatcontributetotheadvancement
ofyourpracticeandprofession.Itisahabitofquestioningwhatyou
do,andasystematicexaminationofclinicalobservationstoexplain
andfindanswersforwhatyouperceive,withaviewtoinstituting
appropriatechangesforamoreeffectiveprofessionalservice.

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▪Investigationusingscientificprocedures,bysearchingagain
andagaintofindoutthetruth.
▪Researchisthecontinualsearchfortruthusingthescientific
method.Itisthepursuitofthetruthwiththehelpofstudy,
investigation,observation,comparisonand/orexperimentation.
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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➢Thereareseveralwaysofcollectingandunderstandinginformation
andfindinganswerstoquestions–researchisoneway.
➢Thedifferencebetweenresearchandotherwaysofobtaining
answerstoaquestionsisthatinaprocessthatisclassifiedas
research,youworkwithinaframeworkofasetofphilosophies,
usemethodsthathavebeentestedforvalidityandreliability,and
attempttobeunbiasedandobjective.
➢Thetypologyofresearchcanbelookedatfromthreeperspectives:
application,objectivesandtheenquiryprocess.

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➢Thetypologyofresearchcanbelookedatfromthreeperspectives:
application,objectivesandtheenquiryprocess.
❖Fromthepointofviewoftheapplicationofresearch.Mostofthe
researchundertakeninthesocialsciencesisapplied,thefindings
beingdesignedeitherforuseinunderstandingaphenomenon/issue
ortobringchangeinaprogram/situation.
❖Pureresearchisacademicinnatureandisundertakeninorderto
gainknowledgeaboutphenomenathatmayormaynothave
applicationsinthenearfuture,andtodevelopnewtechniquesand
proceduresthatformthebodyofresearchmethodology.

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➢Thetypologyofresearchcanbelookedatfromthreeperspectives:
application,objectivesandtheenquiryprocess.
❖Aresearchstudycanbecarriedoutwithfourobjectives:
✓todescribeasituation,phenomenon,problemorissue
(descriptiveresearch);
✓toestablishorexplorearelationshipbetweentwoormorevariables
(correlationalresearch);
✓toexplainwhycertainthingshappenthewaytheydo
(explanatoryresearch);and
✓toexaminethefeasibilityofconductingastudyorexploringa
subjectareawherenothingorlittleisknown
(exploratoryresearch).

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➢Toincreasethescientificknowledge.Byfindingnewerconcepts,
techniquesandmaterials.
➢Toimprovethedentaltreatments.E.g.alveolarbonegraftingintr.
ofcleftlip&palate.However,becauseofitsdisadvantages,theuseof
alloplasticgraftswasintroduced.Thenanewtr.Cameintobeingby
combinationofautogenousbonewithalloplasticbone.
➢ToinformandEducatethepublic.
➢Foreffectiveplanningofavailableresources.
➢Forcommercialsuccess.
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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➢Thus,researchisanintegralpartofallhealthsciences,including
dentistry.Withthehelpofresearch,newknowledgeisdeveloped,
therebyimprovingthehealth,lifespanandlivingstandardsof
people.
➢ Dentistryresearchisuniqueasalifescienceasit
involvesmaterials,clinicaltechniques,laboratorytechniques
andpatientscare.
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary
➢Forintellectualdependence.
➢AsapartialfulfillmentrequirementtoobtainMaster’sDegreeand
fulfillmentrequirementtoobtainPhDDegree.

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✓Researchmethodologyisasystematicwaytosolvea
problem.Itisascienceofstudyinghowresearchistobecarried
out.Theprocedurebywhichresearchersgoabouttheirworkof
describing,explainingandpredictingphenomena.
✓Researchmethodologyisthespecificproceduresor
techniquesusedtoidentify,select,process,andanalyze
informationaboutatopic.Inaresearchpaper,the
methodologysectionallowsthereadertocriticallyevaluatea
study’soverallvalidityandreliability.
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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✓Scientificmethod(WHOHealth
researchmethodology,1992,aguide
fortraininginresearchmethods):Isa
systematicbodyofproceduresand
techniquesappliedincarryingout
investigationorexperimentation
targetedatobtainingnewknowledge.
Hereresearchandscientificmethods
maybeconsideredacourseofcritical
inquiryleadingtodiscoveryoffactsor
informationwhichincreasesour
understandingofhumanhealthand
disease.
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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➢Toprovideadequatelevelofinformationtoplan,conduct,
analyze,interpretandwriteupresearchandcontributeto
evidence-basedmedicalpractice.
➢Toequipwithnecessaryskillstounderstand,criticallyevaluate
andinterpretthepublishedmedicalliterature.
➢Toguidethroughnecessaryresourcesandresourcepersonsfor
conductingresearch.
➢Toorienttocertainskills,literaturesearchandcomputer
applications.
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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❑Observationalstudies:
Areoneswhereresearchersobservetheeffectofariskfactor,
diagnostictest,treatmentorotherinterventionwithouttryingto
changewhoisorisn’texposedtoit.
❑Experimentalstudies:
Areoneswhereresearchersintroduceaninterventionandstudythe
effects.Experimentalstudiesareusuallyrandomized,meaningthe
subjectsaregroupedbychance.
❑Cohortstudy:
Acohortisanygroupofpeoplewhoarelinkedinsomeway.For
instance,abirthcohortincludesallpeoplebornwithinagiventimeframe.
Researcherscomparewhathappenstomembersofthecohortthathave
beenexposedtoaparticularvariabletowhathappenstotheother
memberswhohavenotbeenexposed.
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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❑Case control study:
Hereresearchersidentifypeoplewithanexistinghealthproblem
(“cases”)andasimilargroupwithouttheproblem(“controls”)andthen
comparethemwithrespecttounexposureorexposures.
❑Randomizedcontrolledtrial(RCT):
Eligiblepeoplearerandomlyassignedtooneoftwoormoregroups.
Onegroupreceivestheintervention(suchasanewdrug)whilethe
controlgroupreceivesnothingoraninactiveplacebo.Theresearchers
thenstudywhathappenstopeopleineachgroup.Anydifferencein
outcomescanthenbelinkedtotheintervention.
❑Validity:
The quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or cogency.
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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❑Bias:systematicerrors.
قىرنفيثحبلاسيياقلماولىعيجردتلابيتترلاوعمداقتناتامدقلماظفحتلاوفيئجاتنلالعنجوانضرغفي
عيجمامهئرقت سنهحفصتنولماعت سالدعلالاعابتاىوهلاىرحتنوفيرئاسامزينمههدقتننوبلطقلحالا
ليلماعمءارآلا”نسلحانبمثيلها
❑Prospective study:
Studying particular in the future.
❑Retrospectivestudy:
Lookingbackonordealingwithpasteventsorsituations.
❑Confounding:
Causesurpriseorconfusionin(someone),especiallybyactingagainst
theirexpectations.
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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Types of study design
ObservationalStudies Experimental Studies
Clinical Trials
Descriptive
Study
Ecological
Correlation
Analytical
Study
CASE REPORT
CASE SERIES
Cross-sectional Case Control
COHORT
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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No
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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❑Experimentalresearch:Wecanmanipulatesomeaspectofthe
environmentandobserveitseffects.
E.g.Interdentaltissueresection:Anexperimentalstudyofa
surgicaltechniquewhichaidsinrepairoftheperiodontaltissuesto
theiroriginalcontourandfunction.
❑Observationalresearch:Wecanobservewhatnaturally
happensintherealworldwithoutinterferingwithit.
E.g.studyconductedtomeasurethedegreeofdentalcariesin
schoolrelativetoage,sexandsocioeconomiccharacteristicsof
children.
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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❑Qualitativeresearch:Dealswithsubjectiveaspectswhich
arequalitativeorqualitiesbynaturewhicharedifficultto
quantify.
E.g.Publicperceptionsofdentalimplants:aqualitativestudy.
❑Quantitativeresearch:Isbasedonthemeasurementof
quantityoramount.Itdealswithobjectiveaspects.
E.g.Prevalenceofdentalcariesdiseasesinurbanandruralareas
ofSana’acity.
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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✓Research is not a one man/woman show,
You need a team to do good research…
✓Research is a science,
You need to learn how to do it…
✓Research is like riding a bicycle,
You need to practice…
✓Research needs planning,
If you fail to plan, you plan to fail…
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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❖Considerationstobekeptinmindwhileconductingresearch:
✓Inanyresearchonhumanbeings,eachsubjectmustbe
adequatelyinformedoftheaim,methods,anticipatedbenefitsand
potentialhazardsofthestudyandthediscomfortitmayentail.
✓Whenobtaininginformedconsent,weshouldbecautiousifthe
subjecthasadependentrelationshiptous.Nopressureorthreat
shouldbeexercised.
✓Subjectshouldbeinformedthattheyarefreetoabstainorto
withdrawfromparticipationatanytime.

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Research methodology
in dentistry
Dr. PragatiKaurani
Dr. Nikhil Marwah
Publishers : BlueRose
❖Referencefor more information or reading
Dr. Omar Ahmed Aldossary

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