1 - Review of macromolecules in biology.ppt

review of macromolecules

1. MacromoleculesMacromolecules

4 types of Macromolecules – make up all the 4 types of Macromolecules – make up all the
parts of lifeparts of life

1) Carbohydrates1) Carbohydrates

2) Lipids2) Lipids

3) Nucleic Acids3) Nucleic Acids

4) Proteins4) Proteins

2. 1 - Carbohydrates1 - Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are molecules made of carbon, Carbohydrates are molecules made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygenhydrogen, and oxygen

Saccharides (sugars) are carbohydratesSaccharides (sugars) are carbohydrates

Saccharides can be in the form of long chains, such Saccharides can be in the form of long chains, such
as as starchstarch

Cells main source of energyCells main source of energy

Saccharides can also be in the form of Saccharides can also be in the form of cellulosecellulose

Cells support and structure (cell wall in plants)Cells support and structure (cell wall in plants)

3. 1 - Carbohydrates1 - Carbohydrates
Glucose  Maltose (dissacharide)

4. 1 - Carbohydrates1 - Carbohydrates
Starch

5. 2 - Lipids2 - Lipids

Lipids are molecules that also contain carbon, Lipids are molecules that also contain carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen but are mostly long chains of C hydrogen, and oxygen but are mostly long chains of C
and Hand H

These long chains of C and H are called These long chains of C and H are called
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Lipids are mostly insoluble in water = hydrophobicLipids are mostly insoluble in water = hydrophobic

Lipids make up the fats and oils cells needLipids make up the fats and oils cells need

We saw lipids in the cell membrane – phospholipid We saw lipids in the cell membrane – phospholipid
bilayerbilayer

Lipids are also used in long term energy storageLipids are also used in long term energy storage

6. 2 - Lipids2 - Lipids

7. 3 - Nucleic Acids3 - Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are molecules made up of Nucleic acids are molecules made up of
nucleotidesnucleotides

Nucleotide = nitrogen base + 5-C sugar + Nucleotide = nitrogen base + 5-C sugar +
phosphate groupphosphate group

What are the 4 nitrogen bases we’ve studied?What are the 4 nitrogen bases we’ve studied?

Two main types – DNA and RNATwo main types – DNA and RNA

Nucleic Acids code for protein!!!!Nucleic Acids code for protein!!!!

8. 3 - Nucleic Acids3 - Nucleic Acids

9. 4 - Proteins4 - Proteins

Proteins are long chains (50 or more) of Proteins are long chains (50 or more) of
molecules called molecules called Amino AcidsAmino Acids

Smaller chains (<50 AA) are called Smaller chains (<50 AA) are called
polypeptidespolypeptides

Poly = manyPoly = many

Peptide = bond between Amino AcidsPeptide = bond between Amino Acids

10. 4 - Proteins4 - Proteins

Amino AcidsAmino Acids

Three components:Three components:

Amine group, carboxyl group (acid), and an Amine group, carboxyl group (acid), and an
“R” group“R” group

There are millions of Amino Acids, but only There are millions of Amino Acids, but only
20 are used in life on earth20 are used in life on earth

All life uses the same Amino AcidsAll life uses the same Amino Acids

Humans can make 12 of the 20 – we get the Humans can make 12 of the 20 – we get the
other 8 from food sourcesother 8 from food sources

11. 4 - Proteins4 - Proteins

12. Amino AcidsAmino Acids

13. More on ProteinsMore on Proteins

Two main types of proteinsTwo main types of proteins

1) Fibrous Proteins1) Fibrous Proteins

Structural proteinsStructural proteins

Generally insoluble in H2O and help to provide Generally insoluble in H2O and help to provide
structure for living thingsstructure for living things

Examples:Examples:

Keratin – hair, nails, skinKeratin – hair, nails, skin

Collagen – protein parts of boneCollagen – protein parts of bone

14. More on ProteinsMore on Proteins

Two main types of proteinsTwo main types of proteins

2) Globular Proteins2) Globular Proteins

One or more folded and linked protein chains – form One or more folded and linked protein chains – form
globular shapesglobular shapes

Examples:Examples:

Polymerase – enzyme for replicating DNAPolymerase – enzyme for replicating DNA

““ase” = enzymease” = enzyme

Hemoglobin – transports OxygenHemoglobin – transports Oxygen

Insulin – hormone that influences metabolismInsulin – hormone that influences metabolism

Antibodies – tissue defenseAntibodies – tissue defense

Cell membrane proteinsCell membrane proteins

15. Proteins and ShapeProteins and Shape

Proteins work because of their shapeProteins work because of their shape

Dependent on specific order of Amino AcidsDependent on specific order of Amino Acids

Order depends on laws of chemistry – the way Order depends on laws of chemistry – the way
atoms and molecules attract and bond to each otheratoms and molecules attract and bond to each other

When a protein loses shape, it loses functionWhen a protein loses shape, it loses function

Won’t work anymoreWon’t work anymore

This is called This is called denatureddenatured = lost its shape = lost its shape

16. Protein DenaturingProtein Denaturing

There are two common There are two common Denaturing AgentsDenaturing Agents

Things that cause denaturingThings that cause denaturing

1) Heat – usually over 60 degrees C1) Heat – usually over 60 degrees C

2) Change in pH2) Change in pH

< 7.0 = acidic< 7.0 = acidic

> 7.0 = basic> 7.0 = basic

17. Protein DenaturingProtein Denaturing

Our body regulates interior conditions so that Our body regulates interior conditions so that
our proteins function appropriatelyour proteins function appropriately

Homeostasis = same stateHomeostasis = same state

Our bodies are designed to maintain homeostasisOur bodies are designed to maintain homeostasis

Chemical reactions in our body keep us at 37 degrees Chemical reactions in our body keep us at 37 degrees
CelsiusCelsius

Our blood has buffering agents that keep our pH at Our blood has buffering agents that keep our pH at
7.47.4

18. HomeostasisHomeostasis
Temp (C) Body State
28 Muscle Failure
30
Loss of body temp,
control
33
Loss of
consciousness
37 Normal
42
Central nervous
system breakdown
44 Death
pH (0-14) Body State
<6.8 Death
7.4 Normal
>7.8 Death