1. TYPES OF ACADEMIC WRITING.pptx

Types of Academic writing

1. TYPES OF ACADEMIC WRITING ENGLISH IN ACADEMIC DISCOURSE

2. ACADEMIC WRITING What is academic writing? Academic writing is writing which communicates ideas, information and research to the wider academic community. It’s what students are expected to produce for classes and what professors and academic researchers use to write scholarly materials.

3. Academic writing is a formal style of writing used in universities and scholarly publications. You’ll encounter it in journal articles and books on academic topics, and you’ll be expected to write your essays, research papers and dissertation in academic style.

4. Differences between Academic Writing and other writing Writing is a skill that is required in many contexts throughout life. For instance, you can write an email to a friend or reflect on what happened during the day in your personal diary . In these kinds of interpersonal settings, the aim may be to communicate the events that have happened in your life to someone close to you, or to yourself. It is expected that in writing about these life events, you will include your personal judgements and evaluations, which may be measured by your feelings and thoughts.

5. There is no need to follow a structure , as prose on the page or the computer screen appears through freely associated ideas. Similarly, another quality of writing in personal contexts is that it is typically informal , so there is no need to adhere to structures of punctuation or grammar (although your reader may be quite appreciative if you do so). In these settings, it is perfectly acceptable to deploy colloquialisms, casual expressions, and abbreviations , like “that’s cool”, “by the way…”, “b4”, and “thru”.

6. In contrast, academic writing does many of the things that personal writing does not. Firstly, some kind of structure is required , such as a beginning, middle, and end. This simple structure is typical of an essay format, as well as other assignment writing tasks, which may not have a clearly articulated structure. A second difference between academic writing and other writing genres is based on the citation of published authors. If you make judgements about something in academic writing, there is an expectation that you will support your opinion by linking it to what a published author has previously written about the issue. Indeed, citing the work of other authors is central to academic writing because it shows you have read the literature, understood the ideas, and have integrated these issues and varying perspectives into the assignment task.

7. Thirdly, in academic writing you should always follow rules of punctuation and grammar . Punctuation as well as the conventions of grammar are universally known systems that maintain clarity and avoid ambiguity in expression.

8. ACADEMIC WRITING Academic writing is generally quite formal , objective , impersonal , and technical .  It is formal by avoiding casual or conversational language, such as contractions or informal vocabulary. It is impersonal and objective by avoiding direct reference to people or feelings, and instead emphasizing objects, facts and ideas. It is technical by using vocabulary specific to the discipline. 20XX presentation title 8

9. Characteristics of Academic Writing

10. 10 formal tone  - A formal tone is always used in academic writing. It is not lighthearted or conversational in tone. Slang and clichés do not belong in this type of writing. precise language  - In keeping with the formal tone, it’s important to choose precise language that very clearly conveys the author’s meaning. point-of-view (POV)  - Academic writing is usually written in third person point of view because its focus is to educate on the facts rather than to support an opinion or give advice.

11. research focus  - Because most academic writing involves reporting research results, it tends to focus on the specific research question(s) being studied. organization  - Academic writing should be organized logically. Use headings to delineate each major section. source citations  - Most academic writing includes at least some secondary research sources. Be sure to properly cite all sources and include a bibliography. 20XX presentation title 11

12. Formal language You can make your writing more formal through the vocabulary that you use. For academic writing: choose formal instead of informal vocabulary. For example, ‘somewhat’ is more formal than ‘a bit’, ‘insufficient’ is more formal than ‘not enough’. avoid contractions. For example, use ‘did not’ rather than ‘didn’t’. avoid emotional language. For example, instead of strong words such as ‘wonderful’ or ‘terrible’, use more moderate words such as ‘helpful’ or ‘problematic’. i nstead of using absolute positives and negatives, such as ‘proof’ or ‘wrong’, use more cautious evaluations, such as ‘strong evidence’ or ‘less convincing’. 20XX presentation title 12

13. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACADEMIC WRITING 20XX presentation title 13

14. Descriptive writing Descriptive writing is one of the simplest and most used academic writing types. The main purpose of descriptive writing is to state facts and inform the audience. Therefore, when you hear these terms in any academic piece — report, summarize, identify, record, define — know that it is descriptive academic writing, which is mostly used for school-level writing and completely theory-based projects. 14

15. A lab report that informs the reader about the results of an experiment is an example of descriptive writing. Descriptive writing is also used for describing people, places, situations, events, etc. 20XX presentation title 15

16. Analytical writing 20XX presentation title 16 When you are working on an academic study, you usually do not only use descriptive writing. You must mix and match different types of writing to convey your message to your target group. Therefore, aside from simply informing, you need to also organize your information in a way that allows your readers to understand the content better. Analytical writing includes descriptive writing, but also requires you to re-organize the facts and information you describe into categories, groups, parts, types or relationships.

17. 20XX presentation title 17 If you’re comparing two theories, you might break your comparison into several parts. e.g. how each theory deals with social context, how each theory deals with language learning, and how each theory can be used in practice. Phrases such as ‘’examine,’’ ‘’compare,’’ ‘’relate,’’ ‘’contrast,’’ and ‘’analyze’’ are the most common words used in analytical writing.  How to get better at analytical writing: S pend plenty of time planning. Brainstorm the facts and ideas, and try different ways of grouping them, according to patterns, parts, similarities and differences. C reate a name for the relationships and categories you find. For example, advantages and disadvantages. B uild each section and paragraph around one of the analytical categories. M ake the structure of your paper clear to your reader, by using topic sentences and a clear introduction.

18. Persuasive Persuasive writing has all the features of analytical writing (that is, information plus re- organising the information), with the addition of your own point of view. Most essays are persuasive, and there is a persuasive element in at least the discussion and conclusion of a research article. Points of view in academic writing can include an argument, a recommendation, interpretation of findings or evaluation of the work of others. In persuasive writing, each claim you make needs to be supported by some evidence, for example a reference to research findings or published sources. The kinds of instructions for a persuasive assignment include: argue, evaluate, discuss, take a position. 20XX presentation title 18

19. To help reach your own point of view on the facts or ideas: R ead some other researchers' points of view on the topic. Who do you feel is the most convincing? Look for patterns in the data or references. Where is the evidence strongest? List several different interpretations. What are the real-life implications of each one? Which ones are likely to be most useful or beneficial? Which ones have some problems? Discuss the facts and ideas with someone else. Do you agree with their point of view? 20XX presentation title 19

20. Critical Writing Critical writing is common for research, postgraduate and advanced undergraduate writing. It has all the features of persuasive writing, with the added feature of at least one other point of view . While persuasive writing requires you to have your own point of view on an issue or topic , critical writing requires you to consider at least two points of view, including your own. For example, you may explain a researcher's interpretation or argument and then evaluate the merits of the argument, or give your own alternative interpretation. Examples of critical writing assignments include a critique of a journal article, or a literature review that identifies the strengths and weaknesses of existing research. The kinds of instructions for critical writing include: 'critique', 'debate', 'disagree' and 'evaluate'.

21. You need to: Accurately summarise all or part of the work. This could include identifying the main interpretations, assumptions or methodology. Have an opinion about the work. Appropriate types of opinion could include pointing out some problems with it, proposing an alternative approach that would be better, and/or defending the work against the critiques of others. Provide evidence for your point of view. Depending on the specific assignment and the discipline, different types of evidence may be appropriate, such as logical reasoning, reference to authoritative sources and/or research data.

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23. In many academic texts you will need to use more than one type. For example, in a thesis: Y ou will use critical writing in the literature review to show where there is a gap or opportunity in the existing research T he methods section will be mostly descriptive to summarise the methods used to collect and analyse information The results section will be mostly descriptive and analytical as you report on the data you collected The discussion section is more analytical, as you relate your findings back to your research questions, and also persuasive , as you propose your interpretations of the findings. 20XX presentation title 23

24. 20XX presentation title 24 FORM OF ACADEMIC WRITING

25. thank you