12. evolution Geological Time Scale_67472774_2025_09_09_08_19.pdf

In the sagittal section, the kidney is subdivided into an outer darker-staining cortex and an inner
lighter-staining medulla. Externally, the cortex is covered with a dense, irregular connective tissue
renal capsule (1).
The cortex contains both distal and proximal convoluted tubules (4, 11), glomeruli (2), and
medullary rays (3). Present also in the cortex are the interlobular arteries (12) and interlobular
veins (13). The medullary rays (3) are formed by the straight portions of nephrons, blood vessels,
and collecting tubules that join in the medulla to form the larger collecting ducts (6). The
medullary rays do not extend to the kidney capsule (1) because of the subcapsular convoluted
tubules (10).
The medulla comprises the renal pyramids. The base of each pyramid (5) is adjacent to the
cortex and its apex forms the pointed renal papilla (7) that projects into the surrounding, funnel-
like structure, the minor calyx (16), which represents the dilated portion of the ureter. The area
cribrosa (9) is pierced by small holes, which are the openings of the collecting ducts (6) into the
minor calyx (16).
The tip of the renal papilla (7) is usually covered with a simple columnar epithelium (8). As
the columnar epithelium of the renal papilla (7) reflects onto the outer wall of the minor calyx
(16), it becomes a transitional epithelium (16). A thin layer of connective tissue and smooth
muscle (not illustrated) under this epithelium then merges with the connective tissue of the renal
sinus (15).
Present in the renal sinus (15) are branches of the renal artery and vein called the interlobar
artery (17) and the interlobar vein (18). The interlobar vessels (17, 18) enter the kidney and arch
over the base of the pyramid (5) at the corticomedullary junction as the arcuate artery and vein
(14). The arcuate vessels (14) give rise to smaller, interlobular arteries (12) and interlobular veins
(13) that pass radially into the kidney cortex and give rise to the afferent glomerular arteries that
give rise to the capillaries of the glomeruli (3).

2. Tertiary

3. Tertiary

4. Tertiary

5. Tertiary

6. Tertiary

10. Question ID:-61
Consider the following four geological periods.
A. Quaternary
B. Cretaceous
C. Jurassic
D. Cambrian
Which one of the following options represents the
correct arrangement of these geological
periods from earliest to recent:
Options:-
.A-B-D-C, Option ID :-241,
. D-C-B-A, Option ID :-242,
. C-B-D-A, Option ID :-243,
. B-A-C-D, Option ID :-244,

11. Question ID:-43
Any movie that features dinosaurs should also have which of the following combinations of geological age-appropriate organisms? Choose
the correct
combination.
किसीचलकचत्रकिसमेंडायनासोरकिखायेगयेहोों, उसमेंकनम्नकलखखतमेंसेिौनप्राकियोोंिायुग्म, उकचतभूवैज्ञाकनििालिेअनुसारभीहोनाचाकहए? सहीयुग्म
िोचुकनये
Options:-
.Humans, angiosperms and gymnosperms, birds
मानव, आवृत्तबीिीऔरअनावृत्तबीिी, पक्षी, Option ID :-169,
. Early diverging angiosperms, reptiles, amphibians
प्रारोंकभिअपसारीआवृत्तबीिी, सरीसृप, उभयचर, Option ID :-170,
. Apes, gymnosperms, birds
िकप, अनावृत्तबीिी, पक्षी, Option ID :-171,
. Early diverging gymnosperms, amphibians, reptiles
प्रारोंकभिअपसारीअनावृत्तबीिी, उभयचर, सरीसृप, Option ID :-172,

12. Question ID:-41
The correct hierarchy of geological times is:
भूवैज्ञाकनिसमयिासहीपिानुक्रमहै:
Options:-
.eon > era > period > epoch
िल्प> महािल्प> अवकि> युग, Option ID :-161,
. period > era > epoch
अवकि> महािल्प> युग, Option ID :-162,
. epoch > period > era > eon
युग> अवकि> महािल्प> िल्प, Option ID :-163,
. era > eon > period
महािल्प> िल्प> अवकि, Option ID :-164,

13. The diagrams A-D below shows the relative abundance of major groups of plants (refer to legend) in four
different geological periods (Devonian, Carboniferous, Tertiary and Cretaceous).
Match the diagrams (A to D) with the correct geological period
Options:-
.A-Tertiary, B-Carboniferous, C-Devonian, D-Cretaceous
A-तृतीयक, B-कार्बोनीफे रस, C-डिवोडनयन, D-डिटेडियस
, Option ID :-449,
. A-Cretaceous, B-Devonian, C-Tertiary, D-Carboniferous
A-डिटेडियस, B-डिवोडनयन, C-तृतीयक, D-कार्बोनीफे रस
, Option ID :-450,
. A-Tertiary, B-Cretaceous, C-Carboniferous, D-Devonian
A-तृतीयक, B-डिटेडियस, C-कार्बोनीफे रस, D-डिवोडनयन
, Option ID :-451,
. A-Devonian, B-Tertiary, C-Cretaceous, D-Carboniferous
A-डिवोडनयन, B-तृतीयक, C-डिटेडियस, D-कार्बोनीफे रस
, Option ID :-452,