12th india - ncert - external relations.pptx

Educational Material (Slides) of NCERT textbook of Class 11th and Class 12th - Political Science Subject

1. Book – Politics in India Since Independence Chapter 4 – India’s External Relation Class – 12th

2. International context Historical Context Global Situation: At the time of India’s independence in 1947, the world was recovering from World War II (1939-1945). Many new countries were emerging from colonial rule, grappling with issues of reconstruction, and trying to establish democratic governance . Post-War Challenges : After World War II, the world faced reconstruction issues and was setting up new international organizations. Emerging Nations : Many new countries emerged from colonial rule and were dealing with the dual challenges of development and democracy. India’s Own Issues/Challenges : Legacy of Colonialism : India inherited international disputes from British rule. Partition : The division of India and Pakistan brought its own set of challenges. Poverty : Addressing poverty was a significant priority.

3. India’s Foreign Policy Aims of India's Foreign Policy - Sovereignty and Peace : India aimed to respect the sovereignty of other nations and maintain peace. Directive Principles : This goal aligns with India's Directive Principles of State Policy, which emphasize international peace and cooperation. Influences on Foreign Policy Domestic and International Factors : Both internal conditions and the global environment shape a nation's foreign policy. Developing Countries : Often have fewer resources and may focus on peace and development within their regions. Economic and Security Dependence : Developing countries sometimes align with more powerful states due to aid and security needs. India lacked resources to assert their concerns on the global stage. Focused on regional peace and development. Economic and security dependence on more powerful nations sometimes influenced their policies.

4. Directive Principles of State Policy Articles 36–51 of Part IV of the Indian Constitution The Constitutional principles Article 51 of the Indian Constitution lays down some Directive Principles of State Policy on ‘Promotion of international peace and security’. “The State shall endeavour to – (a) Promote international peace and security (b) Maintain just and honourable relations between nations (c) Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized people with one another; and (d) Encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

5. India’s Foreign Policy During Cold War Cold War – Definition - The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II (1939-1945). Global Division : Post-World War II, the world was divided into two camps: 1.Western Bloc : Influenced by the United States and its allies. 2.Eastern Bloc : Influenced by the Soviet Union (modern day Russia). 3. Non-Aligned Movement : India along with other newly independent nations, chose not to align with either bloc. This movement aimed to avoid entanglement in Cold War rivalries and maintain an independent foreign policy.

6. India’s Foreign Policy During Cold War India’s During the Cold War - Neutral Stance : India did not belong to either the Western or Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. Instead, it pursued a policy of non-alignment, seeking to remain independent from the influence of both superpowers. Success in Foreign Policy : Peaceful Conduct : India was generally successful in maintaining a peaceful foreign policy. It engaged in diplomatic efforts and pursued policies aimed at avoiding major international conflicts. Challenges: Despite its efforts, India faced several challenges, including regional conflicts and tensions with neighbouring countries. Indo-Pakistani Conflicts : India’s approach to regional conflicts, such as the Indo-Pakistani Wars, while adhering to its non-aligned principles

7. India’s Foreign Policy During Cold War Impact of the Cold War’s End Changing Dynamics : The end of the Cold War altered the international relations landscape, influencing how countries approached foreign policy. India's early foreign policy was shaped by its unique challenges and the broader international context, striving for peace and respect for sovereignty while navigating the complexities of post-colonial and Cold War dynamics.

8. Indian National Movement and Its Impact on Foreign Policy Indian National Movement and Its Impact on Foreign Policy 1. Global Context of the Indian National Movement: Part of a Larger Struggle : The Indian national movement was part of a global struggle against colonialism and imperialism. Influence on Other Movements : India’s fight for independence inspired and influenced liberation movements in other Asian and African countries. 2. International Contacts: Pre-Independence Contacts : Indian nationalist leaders had connections with leaders from other colonies. This mutual struggle against colonial rule created a network of support and shared strategies. Indian National Army (INA) : Created by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose during World War II, the INA symbolized the strong links between Indian nationalists and the global fight against colonialism. 3. Influence on Foreign Policy: Reflection of Ideals : The ideals that motivated India’s struggle for freedom—such as justice, equality, and anti-colonialism—shaped its early foreign policy. Cold War Era : India’s independence coincided with the Cold War, a period of intense global political, economic, and military rivalry between the US and the USSR.

9. Global Developments during Early Independence : Establishment of the UN : The formation of the United Nations ( 24 October 1945, San Francisco, California, United States ) aimed to foster international cooperation and prevent conflicts. Nuclear Weapons : The proliferation of nuclear weapons added a new dimension to global power dynamics and security concerns. Emergence of Communist China : The rise of Communist China introduced a new power and ideological player in the region. Decolonization : Many countries were gaining independence, altering the global balance of power and influencing international relations.

10. Global Developments during Early Independence : United Nation Logo United Nation Day – 24 th October of every year

11. Nehru’s Role in Shaping India’s Foreign Policy Key Roles: First Prime Minister and Foreign Minister : Jawaharlal Nehru was both the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister of India from 1946 to 1964, giving him significant influence over the country’s foreign policy. Major Objectives of Nehru’s Foreign Policy: Preserve Sovereignty : Ensure India’s independence and autonomy on the global stage. Protect Territorial Integrity : Safeguard India’s borders and prevent external threats. Promote Economic Development : Enhance India’s economic growth and stability. Strategy of Non-Alignment: Non-Alignment : Nehru aimed to achieve these objectives by adopting a non-aligned stance, meaning India would not align itself with either of the major Cold War blocs (the US or the USSR). This policy sought to maintain India’s independence and neutrality in international affairs.

12. Nehru’s Role in Shaping India’s Foreign Policy Domestic Opposition: Pro-US Sentiment : Some domestic leaders and parties favored closer ties with the US, perceiving it as a supporter of democracy. Notable figures included Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and political parties like the Bharatiya Jan Sangh and the Swatantra Party. Anti-Communism : Certain groups opposed communism and supported a pro-US foreign policy. Nehru’s Influence: Policy Making : Despite opposition, Nehru had considerable freedom and authority in crafting and pursuing India’s foreign policy, largely due to his dominant position in the government. Examples: Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) : Initiated under Nehru’s leadership, NAM was a key element of his foreign policy, aiming to promote peace and cooperation among newly independent countries while avoiding alignment with major power blocs.

13. Distance from Two Camps 1. Non-Alignment Policy: Objective : India aimed to remain neutral and not align itself with either of the two major Cold War blocs led by the US or the USSR. Reason : India wanted to avoid joining military alliances like NATO (led by the US) or the Warsaw Pact (led by the USSR) to maintain its independence and neutrality. 2.Balancing Act: Suez Canal Crisis (1956) : India led global opposition against the British attack on Egypt, showcasing its stance against neo-colonial aggression. Hungary Crisis (1956) : India chose not to publicly condemn the Soviet invasion of Hungary, reflecting a complex balancing act where India tried to maintain good relations with both sides. 3. Aid and Assistance: Independent Stand : Despite not aligning with either bloc, India managed to secure aid and support from both the US and the USSR, demonstrating its ability to navigate the Cold War landscape independently. 4. Pakistan’s Position: Military Alliances : Unlike India, Pakistan aligned itself with US-led military alliances during the Cold War. This alignment created tension between India and the US. 5. Indo-US Relations: Unease : The US was uncomfortable with India’s non-alignment policy and its growing relationship with the Soviet Union. This led to strained relations between India and the US during the 1950s.

14. Distance from Two Camps 6. Economic Development Strategy: Planned Development : India focused on planned economic development with an emphasis on import-substitution and resource development. Limited Interaction : This strategy limited India’s economic engagement with the global market, affecting its foreign trade and interaction with other countries.

15. Afro-Asian Unity (African and Asian) Nehru’s Vision: Goal : Nehru aimed for India to play a significant role in global and Asian affairs due to its size, location, and potential power. Key Initiatives and Conferences: 1.Asian Relations Conference (1947) : Purpose : Convened five months before India's independence to foster unity among newly independent Asian countries. Significance : Demonstrated India’s commitment to pan-Asian solidarity and collaboration. 2.Support for Indonesian Independence (1949) : Action : India organized an international conference to support Indonesia's struggle for freedom from Dutch colonial rule. Outcome : Showed India’s active role in supporting decolonization in Asia. 3. Opposition to Racism and Apartheid : Stand : India was a strong advocate against racial discrimination, particularly the apartheid regime in South Africa. Impact : India’s stance contributed to the global anti-apartheid movement.

16. Afro-Asian Unity (African and Asian) 4 . Bandung Conference (1955): Location: Held in Bandung, Indonesia. Significance: Marked a high point of India’s engagement with newly independent Asian and African nations. Outcome: Led to the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), which aimed to provide an alternative to the Cold War blocs.

17. Afro-Asian Unity (African and Asian) 5 . Establishment of NAM: First Summit (1961) : Location : Belgrade. Role : Nehru was a co-founder of the NAM, which aimed to unite countries seeking to stay neutral in the Cold War and avoid alignment with either the US or Soviet blocs.

18. Peace and Conflict with China India-China Relations Under Nehru 1. Recognition and Support: Recognition of Communist China (1949) : Action : India was among the first countries to recognize the new communist government in China. Reason : Nehru supported China’s transition from Western domination and helped the new government gain international acceptance. 2. Nehru’s Perspective on China: Optimistic View : Nehru’s Belief : He believed that a Chinese attack on India was "exceedingly unlikely" and trusted in the peaceful nature of the new Chinese government. Border Security : The Chinese border was patrolled by paramilitary forces rather than the regular army for a long time, reflecting Nehru’s confidence in peaceful relations. Concerns : Vallabhbhai Patel’s Worry : Some leaders, like Patel, were concerned about the possibility of future Chinese aggression.

19. Peace and Conflict with China 3. Panchsheel Agreement (1954): Principles : Nehru and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai jointly announced the Panchsheel , or the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Date : 29 April 1954. Purpose : Aimed to promote peaceful relations and mutual respect between India and China. 4. Diplomatic Engagement: Mutual Visits : Exchanges : Leaders from both countries visited each other and were met with warm receptions. Outcome : Demonstrated strong diplomatic and friendly ties between India and China during this period.

20. Tibet Issue Between India and China 1.Historical Tensions: Tibetan Status : Tibet has alternated between being under Chinese control and being independent throughout history. 2. Chinese Takeover of Tibet (1950): Invasion : China took control of Tibet in 1950, leading to opposition from many Tibetans. Indian Response : India attempted to persuade China to acknowledge Tibet's claims for independence. 3. Panchsheel Agreement (1954): Territorial Integrity : Agreement : India and China signed the Panchsheel Agreement, which included a clause respecting each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty. Indian Concession : India officially recognized China's claim over Tibet.

21. Tibet Issue Between India and China 4. Dalai Lama’s Visit and Asylum: 1956 : Visit : The Dalai Lama, accompanied by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, informed Nehru about worsening conditions in Tibet. Chinese Assurance : China assured India that Tibet would have more autonomy than any other region in China. 1958-1959 : Uprising : An armed uprising in Tibet against Chinese control was suppressed by Chinese forces. Asylum : In 1959, the Dalai Lama fled to India and was granted asylum, leading to strong Chinese protests. 5. Tibetan Refugees: Settlements : Refugees : Many Tibetans sought refuge in India and other countries. Settlements in India : Large Tibetan refugee communities exist in Delhi and Dharmashala , Himachal Pradesh, where the Dalai Lama resides.

22. Tibet Issue Between India and China 6. Indian Political Stance: Support for Independence : Parties : Various Indian political leaders and parties, including the Socialist Party and the Jan Sangh, supported Tibet’s independence. 7. Current Status of Tibet: Autonomous Region : Chinese Claim : China has established the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) as part of China. Tibetan Opposition : Tibetans oppose Chinese claims and policies, arguing that China undermines their traditional religion and culture and that autonomy is not genuinely granted.

23. The Chinese invasion, 1962 1. Tibet and Asylum (1950s-1959): Chinese Annexation of Tibet (1950) : Impact : Removed a historical buffer between India and China. Initial Response : India did not oppose China’s takeover openly. Growing Unease : As reports of Tibetan cultural suppression emerged, India became uneasy. Dalai Lama’s Asylum (1959) : Event : The Dalai Lama sought and obtained asylum in India. Chinese Reaction : Alleged India was harboring anti-China activities. 14 th Dalai Lama - H ighest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism Name - Tenzin Gyatso

24. The Chinese invasion, 1962 2.Boundary Dispute: Dispute Origins : Indian Claim : Boundary settled during colonial times. Chinese Claim : Disputes colonial decisions. Key Areas of Dispute : Aksai Chin : In Ladakh region, claimed by India but occupied by China between 1957-1959. Arunachal Pradesh : Much of NEFA (North Eastern Frontier Agency) claimed by China. Military Actions : 1959 : China built a strategic road in Aksai Chin. 1962 Invasion : October 1962 : China launched a swift invasion in both disputed regions. First Attack : Captured key areas in Arunachal Pradesh. Second Attack : Advanced into Assam plains; Indian forces blocked advances in Ladakh. Ceasefire : China declared a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew

25. The Chinese invasion, 1962 3.Impact of the Sino-Indian War (1962): Domestic Impact : National Humiliation : Dented India’s image domestically and internationally. Military Assistance : India sought help from the US and UK; the Soviet Union remained neutral. Political Consequences : Resignations : Army commanders and Defence Minister V. Krishna Menon resigned. Criticism of Nehru : Criticized for naïve assessment and lack of preparedness. Political Shifts : No-confidence motion against Nehru’s government; Congress lost by-elections. Effect on Opposition : Communist Party Split : Pro-USSR Faction : Stayed within CPI and aligned with Congress. Pro-China Faction : Formed CPI(M) in 1964; many arrested for pro-China stance.

26. The Chinese invasion, 1962 4. Regional Reorganisation Post-War: Northeast Region : Challenges : Isolated, underdeveloped, and a challenge for national integration. Reorganisation : Nagaland : Granted statehood. Manipur and Tripura : Given the right to elect legislative assemblies, despite being Union Territories.

27. Wars and Peace with Pakistan Kashmir Dispute (Post-Partition): Initial Conflict (1947) : Dispute : Started right after Partition over Kashmir. Proxy War : Early conflict between Indian and Pakistani forces in Kashmir. UN Involvement : The issue was referred to the United Nations. Cooperation Despite Conflict : Indus Waters Treaty (1960) : Agreement : Resolving disputes over river waters. Signatories : Nehru and General Ayub Khan. Mediator : World Bank. Outcome : The treaty has generally worked well despite ongoing disputes.

28. Wars and Peace with Pakistan

29. Wars and Peace with Pakistan 1965 War between India and Pakistan - Conflict : Initial Attack : Pakistan launched armed attacks in the Rann of Kutch area, Gujarat, in April 1965. Major Offensive : Followed by a larger attack in Jammu and Kashmir in August-September 1965. Indian Response : Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri ordered a counter-offensive in the Punjab region. Outcome : Indian forces advanced close to Lahore. Resolution : 1.UN Intervention : The conflict ended with intervention from the United Nations. 2.Tashkent Agreement (January 1966) : Signatories : Lal Bahadur Shastri (India) and General Ayub Khan (Pakistan). Broker : Soviet Union. Impact : Military Impact : India inflicted significant losses on Pakistan. Economic Impact : The war exacerbated India’s already difficult economic situation .

30. Bangladesh War 1971 Background and Crisis in Pakistan: Political Situation (1970) : Election Results : The Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujib- ur Rahman, won in East Pakistan, while the Pakistan People's Party led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto won in West Pakistan. Bengali Grievances : East Pakistan's population protested against years of being treated as second-class citizens by the West Pakistani rulers. Pakistani Response : Repression : Early 1971 saw the Pakistani army arrest Sheikh Mujib and launch a brutal crackdown on East Pakistan. Bangladesh Liberation : The crackdown led to a mass movement for independence in East Pakistan, which sought to become the independent nation of Bangladesh.

31. Bangladesh War 1971 India's Involvement: Refugee Crisis : Burden on India : Approximately 8 million refugees fled to India from East Pakistan, placing significant strain on Indian resources and infrastructure. Support for Bangladesh : Moral and Material Support : India supported the Bangladeshi independence movement both morally and materially. Accusations from Pakistan : Pakistan accused India of conspiring to break up the country. International Context : US-China Support for Pakistan : The US and China supported Pakistan, influenced by the US-China rapprochement initiated in the late 1960s. Soviet Support for India : Treaty of Peace and Friendship (August 1971) : India signed a 20-year treaty with the Soviet Union, ensuring Soviet support in case of aggression.

32. Bangladesh War 1971 Military Conflict (December 1971): War Outbreak : Pakistani Offensive : Pakistani aircraft attacked Punjab and Rajasthan, and the army advanced on the Jammu and Kashmir front. Indian Counteroffensive : Multi-Front Attack : India responded with coordinated attacks involving the air force, navy, and army on both fronts. Rapid Progress : Indian forces advanced quickly in East Pakistan, supported by the local population. Outcome : Dhaka Siege : Within ten days, Indian forces had surrounded Dhaka, leading to the surrender of approximately 90,000 Pakistani troops. Unilateral Ceasefire : India declared a unilateral ceasefire after the victory.

33. Bangladesh War 1971 Post-War Developments: Shimla Agreement (July 3, 1972) : Signatories : Indira Gandhi (India) and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Pakistan). Outcome : The agreement formalized the end of hostilities and established the terms for peace. National Impact : The victory was seen as a major national triumph and showcased India's growing military strength. Indira Gandhi’s Popularity : The success of the war further boosted Indira Gandhi’s popularity, following her 1971 Lok Sabha election win.

34. Bangladesh War 1971 Impact on Indian Development: Defense Focus : Diversion of Resources : Limited resources were increasingly diverted to defense, especially after the 1962 Sino-Indian War and subsequent conflicts. Defense Production and Supplies : Departments Established : The Department of Defence Production (1962) and the Department of Defence Supplies (1965) were created to manage military needs. Economic Impact : Interruption of Development Plans : Conflicts and defense priorities interrupted development planning, affecting the Third Five-Year Plan and leading to a focus on defense over economic development. Increased Defense Expenditure : Post-war, India's defense spending surged, impacting other areas of economic planning.

35. India’s nuclear policy Nuclear Program Development: Nehru’s Vision : Scientific Advancement : Nehru, a strong proponent of science and technology, saw the nuclear program as a means to advance India’s industrialization. Under his leadership, the program was initiated in the late 1940s with guidance from Homi J. Bhabha. Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy : Nehru aimed to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes rather than for weaponry. Nuclear Policy Shift : Nehru’s Opposition to Weapons : Nehru was against nuclear weapons and advocated for comprehensive nuclear disarmament at international forums. Global Context : Despite these efforts, the global nuclear arsenal continued to grow. When China tested nuclear weapons in October 1964, the major nuclear powers (US, USSR, UK, France, and China) began to exert influence over global nuclear policy, including the imposition of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968.

36. India’s nuclear policy India’s Nuclear Test (1974) : Peaceful Explosion : India conducted its first nuclear test in May 1974, termed as a “peaceful nuclear explosion.” India maintained that its commitment was towards the peaceful use of nuclear power. Rejection of NPT : India viewed the NPT as discriminatory and refused to sign it, arguing that it unfairly prevented non-nuclear weapon states from developing nuclear capabilities while allowing the existing nuclear powers to maintain and develop their arsenals. Domestic Politics and Economic Challenges: Economic Impact of the Oil Shock : Global Crisis : The Oil Shock of 1973, following the Arab-Israeli War, led to a sharp rise in oil prices, causing global economic turmoil. Indian Economy : India faced significant economic challenges, including high inflation, exacerbating domestic political unrest. Political Agitations : Railway Strike : During this period, India experienced a nationwide railway strike, adding to the economic and political turmoil.

37. Domestic Politics and Economic Challenges : Political Consensus on Foreign Policy: Broad Agreement : Despite internal agitations and economic difficulties, Indian political parties generally agreed on core issues such as national integration, protection of international boundaries, and national interests. Foreign Policy Stability : During the 1962-1972 period, marked by conflicts with China and Pakistan, foreign policy remained relatively stable and was not a major point of contention in domestic politics. Different parties, even when in power, largely maintained continuity in foreign policy. Shifting Alliances in World Politics: Post-1977 Developments Changes in India's Foreign Policy (Post-1977): Janata Party Government (1977-1979) : Genuine Non-Alignment : The Janata Party government, which came to power in 1977, pledged to restore "genuine non-alignment," marking a shift away from the pro-Soviet stance of the previous Congress government. This realignment aimed at rebalancing India's foreign relations . Restoring Relations with China and US : China : Efforts were made to improve relations with China, which had been strained due to border conflicts and the 1962 war. US : The government sought closer ties with the United States, reflecting a shift from the earlier pro-Soviet orientation. This change was part of a broader strategy to diversify India's international partnerships.

38. Shifting Alliances in World Politics: Post-1977 Developments Changes in India's Foreign Policy (Post-1977): Janata Party Government (1977-1979) : Genuine Non-Alignment : The Janata Party government, which came to power in 1977, pledged to restore "genuine non-alignment," marking a shift away from the pro-Soviet stance of the previous Congress government. This realignment aimed at rebalancing India's foreign relations . Restoring Relations with China and US : China : Efforts were made to improve relations with China, which had been strained due to border conflicts and the 1962 war. US : The government sought closer ties with the United States, reflecting a shift from the earlier pro-Soviet orientation. This change was part of a broader strategy to diversify India's international partnerships.

39. Shifting Alliances in World Politics: Post-1977 Developments Changes in India's Foreign Policy (Post-1977): Indo-Pakistan Relations: Continued Tensions and Efforts at Peace : Kashmir Dispute : The Kashmir issue remained central to Indo-Pakistan relations, with ongoing tensions and occasional skirmishes. Peace Efforts : Despite periodic tensions, there were significant efforts to normalize relations, including cultural exchanges, people-to-people contact, and economic cooperation. Transport Links : Initiatives like train and bus services between India and Pakistan symbolized efforts towards greater connectivity and cooperation. 1999 Conflict : Kargil War : The Kargil conflict in 1999, following a period of relative peace, demonstrated the fragility of Indo-Pakistan relations. Despite this setback, both nations continued to pursue avenues for durable peace.

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