13-Adolescence Dr. Nadia G1,2 - Copy.pptx

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1. Dr. Nadia K. Alaswad

2. Objectives Define adolescence period . Mention classification of the Adolescent period. Identify physical, physiological growth in adolescent. Explain puberty and puberty changes. Point out primary and secondary sex characteristics during adolescence. Determine psychological impact of puberty.

3. Objectives (cont.,) Discuss psychosocial, cognitive, and psychosexual development. Determine adolescent play Summarize needs of the Adolescent child. Categorize common health problems during adolescent. Develop health promotion plan for adolescent period Prioritize parent’s guidance for adolescent period

4. Outlines Introduction Definition Classification Physical & Physiological growth Puberty and puberty changes Primary and secondary sex characteristics 4

5. Outlines cont , Psychological impact of puberty Psychosocial, cognitive, and Psychosexual development Adolescent play Needs Health problem Health promotion Parent guidance 5

6. Introduction 6

7. Introduction (cont.,) 7

8. Introduction (cont.,) 8

9. Definition An adolescence begins when the secondary sex characteristics appears and ends when somatic growth is completed, and the individual is psychologically mature, capable of taking his place as a member of society . 9

10. Adolescent classification 10

11. Physical growth The increase in skeletal system is faster than muscular system 50% of ideal adult body weight is gained during this time Increase in growth of the skeleton, muscles, and internal organs at 12 years of age in girls and 14 years in boys 11

12. Physical growth (cont.,)

13. Physical growth (cont.,) Early Adolescence (12-14 years) Characterized by: Rapidly accelerating growth Reaches peak velocity(rapid). Secondary sexual characteristics appear

14. Physical growth (cont.,) Middle Adolescence (15-17 years) Characterized by: Growth decelerating (slow) in girls Stature reaches 95% of adult height Secondary sexual characteristics well advanced

15. Physical growth (cont.,) Late Adolescence (18-20 years) Characterized by: Physically mature Structure and reproductive growth almost complete

16. Physical growth (cont.,)

17. Physiological growth 17

18. Teeth Gain 2 nd molars around 12-13 yr Gain 3 rd molars 17-21 yrs 18

19. Adolescence periods include: Puberty Primary and secondary sex characteristics 19

20. PUBERTY Puberty is a stage of adolescence Puberty involves a predictable sequence of hormonal and physical changes that occur universally over a defined period. The term puberty is restricted to physiologic phenomena 20

21. PUBERTY (cont.,) 21

22. Puberty Changes Puberty consists of two changes that mark the change from childhood to young adulthood. Dramatic increases in height, weight, and body fat distribution. Changes in the reproductive organs that mark sexual maturity, as well as secondary sexual characteristics . ( primary and secondary sex characteristics) 22

23. Primary and secondary sex characteristics Sexual Maturation Primary sex characteristics are the organs of reproduction. They include the ovaries, uterus, and vagina in girls and the scrotum, testes, and penis in boys. Secondary sex characteristics represent physical signs of maturity. They include the breasts and the width of the pelvis in girls , and facial hair and broadening of shoulders in boys. 23

24. Females (Hormone changes)

25. Males (Hormone changes) During puberty, FSH acts on testicular cells, stimulating the production of viable sperm . FSH and LH also act in increased production and secretion of testosterone. Resulting first ejaculations and the appearance of pubic hair.

26. Secondary sex characteristics ( Physical signs of maturity) Boys : Increase size of genitalia Growing of pubic hair, axillaries, facial& chest hair Voice change, acne Production of spermatozoa Increase shoulder breadth Nocturnal Emissions 26

27. Secondary sex characteristics ( Physical signs of maturity) Girls Increase in the transverse diameter of the pelvis Development of the breast Change in the vaginal secretion Growth of pubic & axillary's hair Menstruation 27

28. Psychological impact of puberty Body Image Teenagers are very attentive to physical changes, which take place very rapidly and are dramatic. Girls are more critical of their appearance and are likely to be dissatisfied. Boys are more likely to be pleased. 28

29. Psychological impact of puberty Moodiness Increase in hormone levels are associated with greater irritability and impulsivity but not moodiness. Moodiness has been found to be more associated with activities. e.g., recreational activities are more associated with good mood and adult-regulated activities with negative mood. 29

30. Psychosocial Development According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, adolescent develop a sense of Identity versus Identity Diffusion or Confusion (12-20 years) . A sense of identity means a sense of being a t one with oneself as one grows and develops . It closely linked with the mastery of skills . Sense of identity begins to develop sense of “I”, this is a lifelong process. 30

31. Psychosocial Development (cont.,) Identity Development: The task of identity formation is to develop a stable, coherent picture of oneself that includes integrating one’s past and present experiences with a sense of where one is headed in the future. Identity development moves from the reality of being to the reality of becoming. 31

32. Psychosocial Development (cont.,) Identity diffusion is the lack of attention or feedback as being worthwhile Danger of role confusion, doubts about sexual and vocational identity 32

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34. Adolescent Play Adolescent Play: Day –dreaming: During the adolescence period, children spend most of their times in daydreaming. They like to play competitive games as well as abstract problem-solving kind of games. 34

35. Cognitive Development (Piaget) Movement from concrete to formal operational thinking which occurs between the ages 11-16 yrs , adulthood. Developing abstract thinking skills. Abstract thinking means thinking about things that cannot be seen, heard, or touched . e.g., include things like faith, trust, beliefs and spirituality. 35

36. Cognitive Development (Piaget) (cont.,) Developing advanced reasoning skills. The ability to think about multiple options and possibilities. It involves asking and answering the question, "what if...?". Hypothetical thinking. In practical terms, being able to plan and identify future consequences of possible actions are skills dependent on being able to think hypothetically. Decision making abilities increase. 36

37. Cognitive Development (Piaget) (cont.,) 37

38. Psychosexual development Genital stage (12- adulthood). With the onset of puberty Affect body image Self-exploration and evaluation, compare with peers. Romantic relationships Engage in sexual relationships

39. Needs 1 . Integration of personality 2. Emancipation from his parents &family 3. Satisfactory relations with opposite sex 4. Acceptance of new body image after the rapid physical changes of this period 5. A decision about the vocation he will follow as an adult. 39

40. Health problems of adolescence 40 1. Eating Disorders, Obesity or Malnutrition Related to wrong dietary habits . 2. Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia 3. Sclerosis 4. Acne 5. Sleep Deprivation and Insomnia (9 hours of sleep each nighttime with peers or on the Internet can make it difficult for them to get sufficient sleep )

41. Health problems of adolescence (cont.,) 6. School and Learning Problems 7. Smoking and addiction 8. Physical, sexual, and emotional Abuse 9. Depression and suicide 10. Accidents Intentional and unintentional Injury

42. Health promotion 42

43. 1-Healthy Nutrition (cont.,) Teenagers need high caloric intake because of growth and metabolism rates being high. Males 11-14 yrs 55 kcal/kg Females 11-14 yrs 47 kcal/kg Males 15-18 yrs 47 kcal/kg Females 15-18 yrs 40 kcal/kg Increase amount of milk, 5 food groups. More iron supplementation for girls 43

44. Health promotion (cont.,) 2. Sleep Need more sleep to support growth spurt (12 hours/day) Sleepy at “getting up” times Wants to sit up at night as sign of increasing maturity 3. Exercises release stress , manage obesity Physical Fitness, physical activity

45. Health promotion (cont.,) 4. Safety ( Violence and injury prevention) Leading cause of death is the motor vehicle accidents: teach safety measures Drowning 5. Risk reduction (tobacco, alcohol, other drugs, pregnancy) Smoking, drugs, alcohol should be discouraged (safety instructions are needed)

46. Health promotion (cont.,) 6. Acne Acne self limiting inflammatory disease Genetic factors may play a part (45%) Hormonal factors: premenstrual flares (70%) Not known link with diet Management: Adequate rest, exercise, well-balanced diet, decreases emotional stress Cleansing: gentle cleanser, no antibacterial soap is required Medication (topical) + sunblock 46

47. Health promotion (cont.,) 47

48. Health promotion (cont.,) 48

49. Parent Guidance Encourage parents to: Accept adolescent as a unique individual Respect adolescent’s ideas, likes and dislikes, and wishes. Be involved with school performances, or a school play. Listen and try to be open to adolescent’s views Avoid criticism .

50. Parent Guidance (cont.,) Provide opportunity for choosing Increasing independence within respect adolescent’s privacy. Try to make communication clear. Avoid comparisons with siblings. Provide unconditional love .

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52. References Beckett , c & Taylor, H (2010). Human Growth and Development. 2 nd ed .London SAGE Publications ltd. Hocknberry , M. & Wilson, D. (2013). Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children. 9th ed. London: Mosby. Developmental Psychology Forum British Journal of Developmental Psychology