13.Wastes.pptsssssssssssssssssssssssssss

wates

1. Disposal of WastesDisposal of Wastes

Largely domain of Sanitarians & publicLargely domain of Sanitarians & public
health Engineers.health Engineers.

Health hazard.Health hazard.

Advice at special situations. Camp Advice at special situations. Camp
sanitation, fairs & festivals.sanitation, fairs & festivals.

2. Solid wastes.Solid wastes.

Include (1) Garbage.( food waste).Include (1) Garbage.( food waste).
(2)Rubbish.(paper.plastic,throw away (2)Rubbish.(paper.plastic,throw away
containers,glass)containers,glass)
(3)Demolition products.(bricks,masonry (3)Demolition products.(bricks,masonry
pipes).pipes).
(4)Sewage treatment residue.(sludge,dead (4)Sewage treatment residue.(sludge,dead
animals,manure,other discarded materials.animals,manure,other discarded materials.
No night soil.No night soil.
0.25 to 2.5 kgs. Per capita daily production.0.25 to 2.5 kgs. Per capita daily production.

3. Accumulated solid wasteAccumulated solid waste

Decomposes & favours fly breeding.Decomposes & favours fly breeding.

Attracts rodents & vermin.Attracts rodents & vermin.

Pathogens may be conveyed back to Pathogens may be conveyed back to
man.man.

Water & soil pollution.Water & soil pollution.

Unsightly appearance & bad odours.Unsightly appearance & bad odours.

4. Sources.Sources.

Street refuse.Street refuse.

Market refuse.Market refuse.

Stable litter.Stable litter.

Industrial refuse.Industrial refuse.

Domestic refuse.Domestic refuse.

5. Storage.Storage.

Proper storage of refuse while awaiting Proper storage of refuse while awaiting
collection.collection.

Steel dust bin with cover.Steel dust bin with cover.

Estimated output of refuse 1/10 -1/20 c Estimated output of refuse 1/10 -1/20 c
ft.ft.

Public bins.Public bins.

Paper sacks.Paper sacks.

6. Collection.Collection.

House to house collection.House to house collection.

No such system in India.No such system in India.

Public bin.Public bin.

Many sweepers required.Many sweepers required.

Transported by vehicles.Transported by vehicles.

7. Methods of disposal.Methods of disposal.

Dumping.Dumping.

Controlled tipping or Sanitary land-fill.Controlled tipping or Sanitary land-fill.

Incineration.Incineration.

Composting.Composting.

Manure pits.Manure pits.

Burial.Burial.

8. Dumping.Dumping.

Dumped in low lying areas.Dumped in low lying areas.

Volume decreased by bacterial action.Volume decreased by bacterial action.

Converted into humus.Converted into humus.

Drawbacks. (1)exposed to flies & Drawbacks. (1)exposed to flies &
rodents.rodents.
(2) source of nuisance from smell & (2) source of nuisance from smell &
appearance.(3)dispersed by wind.appearance.(3)dispersed by wind.
(4) pollution of surface & ground water.(4) pollution of surface & ground water.

9. Controlled tipping.Controlled tipping.

Most satisfactory method.Most satisfactory method.

Suitable land should be available.Suitable land should be available.

Placed in a trench or other prepared Placed in a trench or other prepared
area.area.

Compacted & covered with earth at the Compacted & covered with earth at the
end of the day.end of the day.

TRENCH METHOD.TRENCH METHOD.

RAMP METHOD.RAMP METHOD.

AREA METHOD.AREA METHOD.

10. Trench method.Trench method.

Level ground.Level ground.

2 to 3 mts deep,4 to 12 mts wide trench.2 to 3 mts deep,4 to 12 mts wide trench.

Refuse compacted & covered by earth.Refuse compacted & covered by earth.

Estimated - one acre of land per 10,000 Estimated - one acre of land per 10,000
population per year.population per year.

11. Ramp method.Ramp method.

Suited where terrain is slopping.Suited where terrain is slopping.

Excavation for covering material.Excavation for covering material.

12. Area method.Area method.

Used to fill land depressions,Disused Used to fill land depressions,Disused
quarries,Clay pits.quarries,Clay pits.

Refuse deposited,packed and Refuse deposited,packed and
consolidated in uniform layers up to 6-8 consolidated in uniform layers up to 6-8
ft deep.ft deep.

Each layer covered with mud.Each layer covered with mud.

13. Changes.Changes.
Chemical.Chemical.
Physical.Physical.
Bacteriological.Bacteriological.
Temp. rises to 60 deg.C with in 7 days.Temp. rises to 60 deg.C with in 7 days.
Kills all pathogens & hastens process of Kills all pathogens & hastens process of
decomposition.decomposition.
2 to 3 weeks for cooling down.2 to 3 weeks for cooling down.
4 to 6 months for complete decomposition of 4 to 6 months for complete decomposition of
organic matter into innocuous mass.organic matter into innocuous mass.

14. Incineration.Incineration.

Refuse disposed of hygienically by Refuse disposed of hygienically by
burningburning

Hospital refuse.Hospital refuse.

Practised in large cities & industrial Practised in large cities & industrial
countries.countries.

Not popular method in India.Not popular method in India.

Loss to the country.Loss to the country.

15. Composting.Composting.

Combined method of disposal of refuse, Combined method of disposal of refuse,
night soil or sludge.night soil or sludge.

Organic matter broken down by bacteria.Organic matter broken down by bacteria.

Formation of stable humus like material.Formation of stable humus like material.

Compost considerable manurial value.Compost considerable manurial value.

Products water,heat & Carbon di oxide.Products water,heat & Carbon di oxide.

Temp. 60 deg C destroys eggs,larvae of Temp. 60 deg C destroys eggs,larvae of
flies & pathogenic organisms.flies & pathogenic organisms.

16. Methods.Methods.

BANGALORE METHOD.BANGALORE METHOD.
(Anaerobic method)(Anaerobic method)

MECHANICL COMPOSTING.MECHANICL COMPOSTING.
(Aerobic method)(Aerobic method)

17. Bangalore method.Bangalore method.
(Hot fermentation process)(Hot fermentation process)

Developed by Indian Council of Developed by Indian Council of
Agricultural Research at Indian institute of Agricultural Research at Indian institute of
science,Bangalore.science,Bangalore.

Trenches of 3 ft deep,5-8 ft broad,15-30 ft Trenches of 3 ft deep,5-8 ft broad,15-30 ft
long.long.

½ mile away from city limits.½ mile away from city limits.

First layer refuse 6’’ thick,night soil 2’’thick.First layer refuse 6’’ thick,night soil 2’’thick.

Alternate layers.Alternate layers.

18. Bangalore method (contd)Bangalore method (contd)

Alternate layers till heap rises 1 ft above Alternate layers till heap rises 1 ft above
the ground level.the ground level.

Top layer to be refuse at least 9’’ thick.Top layer to be refuse at least 9’’ thick.

Heap covered by earth.Heap covered by earth.

Temp. above 60 deg.c for 2-3 weeks.Temp. above 60 deg.c for 2-3 weeks.

Pathogenic & parasitic organisms killed.Pathogenic & parasitic organisms killed.

4 – 6 weeks decomposition complete & 4 – 6 weeks decomposition complete &
manure formed.manure formed.

19. Mechanical composting.Mechanical composting.

Compost manufactured on large scale.Compost manufactured on large scale.
Raw materials processed & product Raw materials processed & product
turned out.turned out.
Salvageables like rags,bones,metal,glass,Salvageables like rags,bones,metal,glass,
cleared.pulverised in pulverising cleared.pulverised in pulverising
equipment.equipment.
Mixed with sewage,sludge,or night soil inMixed with sewage,sludge,or night soil in
rotating machine and incubated,rotating machine and incubated,
Holland,Germany,swiitzerland,Israel.Holland,Germany,swiitzerland,Israel.

20. Manure pits.Manure pits.

Garbage, cattle dung, straw,leaves Garbage, cattle dung, straw,leaves
dumped in to manure pits.dumped in to manure pits.

5 – 6 months time.5 – 6 months time.

21. Burial.Burial.

Suitable for small camps.Suitable for small camps.

Trench of 1.5 mts wide & 2 mts deep dug.Trench of 1.5 mts wide & 2 mts deep dug.

Refuse covered with earth every day.Refuse covered with earth every day.

40 cm above ground level trench filled with40 cm above ground level trench filled with
earth & compacted.earth & compacted.

New trench dug out.New trench dug out.

Taken out after 4 – 6 months for manure. Taken out after 4 – 6 months for manure.

22. 
PUBLIC EDUCATION.PUBLIC EDUCATION.
ECONOMICS & FINANCE.ECONOMICS & FINANCE.

INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION.INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION.
International solid wastes & public International solid wastes & public
cleansing association. (ISWA)cleansing association. (ISWA)
WHO international reference center.WHO international reference center.

23. THANK YOU.THANK YOU.