15 – Gerunds and Infinitives (2)_PArt 2.pptx

English Grammar

1. 15 – Gerunds and Infinitives (2)

2. Purpose To express a purpose, use ‘in order to + verb’. I learn English (in order) to get a scholarship. It can be shortened to an infinitive only. I learn English to get a scholarship. ‘For’ can be used for purposes only with a noun, not a gerund. I work hard to earn money. (purpose) I work hard for money. (correct) I work hard for earning money. (incorrect)

3. Passive Gerunds and Infinitives Active verbs: the subject does the action. Base form of a verb – I speak. 2 nd form of a verb – He came. - ing form of a verb – You are speaking. Have/has/had/having + 3 rd form of verb – He has arrived. Passive verbs: the subject receives the action. Be + 3 rd form of verb – He is respected. (He receives respect.) 3 rd form of verb without an auxiliary. (Used cars are expensive.)

4. Gerund: being + 3 rd form InfinitivE : to be + 3 rd form I love speaking. (love is present tense active verb. Speaking is gerund active, the subject I does both actions) I love to speak. (love is present tense active verb. To speak is infinitive active, the subject I does both actions. I love being spoken. (Love is presnt tense active verb. Being spoken is gerund passive, the subject does the love but receives the speaking.) I love to be spoken. (Love is present tense active verb. To be spoken is infinive passive, the subject does the love but receives the speaking.)

5. I enjoy inviting guests. (I send the invitation.) I enjoy being invited. (I receive the invitation) He needs to come. (He should come.) He needs to be beaten. (He should receive beating.)

6. Need + gerund / infinitive You can use need + infinitive / gerund but with different meaing : Need + infinitive: active meaning He needs to call you. Need + gerund: passive meaning He needs calling. (He needs that he receives a call.)

7. Verbs of Perception + Object + Bare Infinitive / Gerund After some verbs of perception (five senses), use either bare infinitive or gerund. I saw you speak. I saw you speaking. I heard them fight. I heard them fighting.

8. Causative Verbs These verbs show that the subject doesn’t do the action; however, it causes an agent to do the action. Get (to persuade) / Make (to force) / Have (to hire) / Help (to assist) / Let (to allow) Subject Causative verb Agenlt Infinitive I/He/… Get Noun/pronoun Full infinitive Make Bare infinitive Have Bare infinitive Help Bare infinitive Let Bare infinitive

9. I got my brother to do my homework. He made me rob the bank. I will have someone fix my computer. He helped me do my homework. You should let us go. Subject Causative verb Agenlt Infinitive I/He/… Get Noun/pronoun Full infinitive Make Bare infinitive Have Bare infinitive Help Bare infinitive Let Bare infinitive