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1. Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology & Management Topic : Limitations & challenges of Ad-Hoc Network; Limitations & challenges of Infrastructure; Less Network. Department: Computer Science & Engineering Paper Code: PEC-CS702C Paper Name: Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks Name: Falguni Mathur Semester: 7 th University Roll: 15500122065

2. INTRODUCTION Networks allow devices to communicate and share data There are different types of network setups based on needs and environment In this presentation, we will explore three key types: Ad-Hoc Networks – a decentralized wireless network where devices communicate directly with each other without relying on a central access point or pre-existing infrastructure, means Temporary, device-to-device networks Infrastructure-Less Network: A broader term, including any network without central administration(includes ad-hoc networks). Common Use Cases: Disaster recovery, military missions, sensor networks. Each type comes with specific challenges and limitations

3. WHAT ARE AD-HOC NETWORKS? A type of temporary, decentralized network Devices connect directly to each other (peer-to-peer) No central device like a router or server is needed Each device acts as both a host and a router Used when quick or mobile communication is needed Common in: Military operations Emergency rescue situations Wireless sensor networks IoT (Internet of Things) devices

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF AD-HOC NETWORKS Decentralized Communication: No fixed routers or access points Self-Configuring: Nodes join/leave automatically Dynamic Topology: Network structure changes with node movement Multi-Hop Routing: Data may pass through multiple intermediate nodes Limited Range: Communication is restricted by device signal range Energy-Constrained Devices: Usually powered by batteries Peer-to-Peer Model: All nodes act as both host and router

5. LIMITATIONS OF AD-HOC NETWORKS Limited Scalability: Not suitable for large networks due to increased routing overhead Short Communication Range: Requires more intermediate nodes to maintain connections Unstable Connections: Node mobility causes frequent link breakage Energy Constraints: Battery-powered nodes can shut down unexpectedly No Centralized Control: Hard to manage, troubleshoot, or optimize network Weak Security: No fixed firewall or security policies; easy to attack Limited Bandwidth: Congestion and interference affect data flow

6. CHALLENGES IN AD-HOC NETWORKS Routing Complexity: Constantly changing routes due to node mobility Medium Access Issues: Multiple nodes competing for the same wireless medium Quality of Service (QoS): Difficult to guarantee delay, bandwidth, or reliability Security Risks: No central authority makes it hard to detect intrusions Interference & Collisions: Wireless signals easily affected by physical barriers or other devices Node Cooperation Required: Malicious or lazy nodes can disrupt communication Scalability Problems: Routing and communication become inefficient as the network grows

7. LIMITATIONS OF INFRASTRUCTURE-LESS NETWORKS No Central Services: No access to DNS, DHCP, or authentication servers. Difficult Network Management: No central admin to monitor or configure the network. Poor Reliability: Node failures can easily break communication paths. Limited Coverage: Devices rely on short-range communication. Temporary Nature: Not ideal for long-term or permanent deployment. Resource Constraints: Devices often have limited power, memory, and processing. Inconsistent Connectivity: Hard to ensure stable and continuous communication.

8. CHALLENGES IN INFRASTRUCTURE-LESS NETWORKS Device Coordination: No central authority to manage timing or task distribution Data Consistency: Hard to keep information synchronized across all nodes Security & Privacy: Lack of infrastructure makes it harder to implement protections Scalability Issues: Performance drops as more nodes join Fault Tolerance: No backup systems — if one part fails, the whole network can be affected Efficient Resource Use: Nodes must balance tasks with limited power and processing Protocol Design: Requires smart protocols that can adapt to changing conditions

9. CONCLUSION Ad-Hoc and Infrastructure-Less Networks provide flexible, on-the-go communication without the need for fixed infrastructure, making them useful in scenarios like disaster recovery, military operations, and remote areas. However, they face significant limitations such as poor scalability, limited battery life, unstable connections, and lack of centralized control. Additionally, they encounter challenges including complex routing, weak security, inconsistent connectivity, and difficulty in managing resources or coordinating devices. While these networks are not ideal for large-scale or long-term deployment, ongoing research aims to improve their performance through smarter protocols, energy efficiency, and stronger security measures.

10. Thank you