169153395-Past-Perfect-Tense-Notes-ppt-03.ppt

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1. PAST PERFECT
TENSE

2. The past perfect tense is often used in English
when we are relating two events which happened in
the past. It helps to show which event happened
first.
The past perfect tense expresses action in the
past before another action in the past. This is the
past in the past.
Example:
•The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. When
we arrived, the train had left.

3. PAST PERFECT FORM
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in
the Past
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that
something occurred before another action in the
past. It can also show that something happened
before a specific time in the past.

4. Examples:
•I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I
went to Pulau Redang.
•I did not have any money because I had lost my
wallet.
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-
Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-
continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past
Perfect to show that something started in the past
and continued up until another action in the past.

5. Examples:
•We had had that car for ten years before it broke
down.
•By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been
in London for over eight years.
Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally
limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-
continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live,"
"work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used
in this way even though they are NOT Non-
Continuous Verbs.

6. IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect
Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use
specific time words or phrases with the Past
Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not
necessary.
Example:
•She had visited her Japanese relatives once in
1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

7. I went to see the movie. We had
discussed it in class.
Here, we KNOW that the discussion took place
FIRST -- even though the sentence describing it
comes afterwards. We discussed the movie, and
THEN I went to see it. This can be very useful
when you are telling a story or relating a sequence
of events. At any point in your story, you can jump
BACK to a previous event, and your reader will not
be confused, because the past perfect will make it
clear that the event happened previously

8. How to form past perfect tense
This tense is formed using two components: the
verb HAVE (in the past tense), and the past
participle form of a verb.
With a regular verb the past participle ends with -
ED (just like the simple past). Irregular verbs have
a special past participle form that you have to
learn.
Here are the rules, using the regular verb "arrive"
and the irregular verb "eat":

9. SubjectHAVE
Past
Participle
Contractio
n
I had
arrived.
eaten.
I'd arrived.
I'd eaten.
You had
arrived.
eaten.
You'd
arrived.
You'd eaten.

10. He had
arrived.
eaten.
He'd
arrived.
He'd eaten.
She had
arrived.
eaten.
She'd
arrived.
She'd eaten.
It had
arrived.
eaten.
It'd arrived.
It'd eaten.
We had
arrived.
eaten.
We'd
arrived.
We'd eaten.
They had
arrived.
eaten.
They'd
arrived.
They'd
eaten.

11. Using The Past Perfect
Look at the following sentences.  Which happened
first?
We all felt so sick.
  We took strange medicine.
 
 
We can only assume that the people in the above
situation, first, felt sick and then took strange
medicine.  However, in English, there is grammar
that can make the above situation very clear.  It is
called the past perfect.   

12. How do we use past perfect tense?
The past perfect is used to show you which of two
events happened first. Imagine that two things
happened in the past:
EXAMPLE 1
I went to see the movie.
We discussed the movie in class.
Here, we don't know which order the events happened in.
That may be important -- perhaps I went to see the movie
after the discussion, or maybe I saw the movie before the
discussion. There are many ways to make this sequence
clear, and the past perfect is one of them. This is how we
do it:

13. You probably know what perfect means (100% pure,
no problems).
  However, in English grammar, the
word perfect means past.
 
Whenever you see the word perfect referring to
English grammar, just say past.
  Therefore, the
past
perfect means past past.
 
This is exactly what the past perfect means: the
past past.
  In other words, it is an action that
happened (and finished) before another action in the
past.

14. What happened first?  What happened second?
First:  I ate breakfast.
Second:  I went to school.
REMEMBER: Both of these activities happened in
the past!  However, one happened before the
other.
I Ate Breakfast I Went Now
To School
7.30A.M 8.00 A.M
Look at the time line below.Look at the time line below.

15. Before I went to school, I had eaten a big
breakfast.
-OR-
After I had eaten breakfast, I went to school.
Here is a common way to write (or say) these two
actions using the past perfect.  The past perfect is
written in red.
What do you notice about the past perfect? 
First, you should have noticed that the past
perfect is the action (had eaten a big breakfast)
that happened BEFORE the other action in the past
(went to school).

16. The second thing you probably noticed is that the
past perfect is written with had and a past
participle.  The past participle and the simple past
are usually the same if the simple past ends in -ed.
If the simple past does NOT end in -ed, the past
participle is probably different from the simple
past.   To see a list of these irregular simple past
verbs and past participle verbs, click here (the past
participles are in orange).
Here is how the past perfect is formed:
I had eaten
subject+ had +
past
participle

17. Here's another timeline.  Look at the timeline and
make a sentence with the past perfect and the
word before.

18. What happened first?  What happened second?
First:  Sam cooked dinner.
Second:  Carol got home.
Therefore, the answer is
Before Carol got home, Sam had already cooked
dinner.
EXAMPLE
NOTE: The past participle of cook is cooked,
which is the same as the simple past (cooked).
  

19. Using the word after, you can write the following:
After Sam had cooked dinner, Carol got
home.
If you use the words after or before in this type of
situation, the simple past is sometimes used with
BOTH actions because the words after and before
already make the time relationship clear.
 
In other words, when the words after and before are
used, the past perfect is sometimes NOT used.
  The
following example shows this:
Before Carol got home, Sam cooked dinner.
After Sam cooked dinner, Carol got home.

20. Although the past perfect is sometimes not used
in this type of situation, we recommend you use
the past perfect, especially in formal writing.
There are other phrases that are commonly
used with the past perfect:
by
 
 
(time)  
 
          by the time          when
By, by the time, and when mean before.
CONTINUE

21. By 3:30, Carol had already gotten home.
By the time Carol got home, Sam had already cooked dinner.
When Carol got home, Sam had already cooked dinner.
We all felt so sick.
  We took strange medicine.
Take a look at the following examples:
 
Which happened first?
  The answer is we don't know.  The
writer of these 2 sentences didn't use the past perfect.
  As
far as we know, these 2 events could have happened at the
same time.
  Now, you know why using the
past perfect is
so important.
  
Now, let's go back to the first sentence above.