17 crataeva nurvala(siplican)

Medicinal value of plant Crataeva nurvala including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.

1. Crataeva nurvala ( Siplican ) Shailendra shah Department of pharmaceutical science, Nobel college Pokhara University

2. Nomenclature Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order : Brassicales Family:Capparidaceae Genus: Crataeva Species: nurvala Scientific name: Crataeva nurvala 2

3. Common names Nepali: sipligan , siplikan , Newari khaicho Sanskrit: Varuna , Ashmarighna English: Sacred garlic pear, three leaved caper 3

4. Biological source The biological source is plant. The active parts are leaves, root bark and bark. 4

5. Habitat Siplican is found all over Indian subcontinent (Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh etc), Africa, Middle East and South America. In temperate regions and sub-alpine zones along streams and rivers and also found in dry deep boulders in sub-Himalayas. Most abundantly found in Kerala, Madhya,Pradesh,Bengal and Assam. 5

6. Cultivation and collection Prefers a wet soil of pH 7 with abundant sunlight. Cultivated near temples because of its healing property. Flowering period:April -May Fruiting period:June -August In-vitro regeneration (Plant tissue culture) of Crataeva nurvala from seedling derived and adult derived explants have also been reported. More or less these plants are grown in gardens and require adequate fertilizer. 6

7. Macroscopic character C.nurvala is a moderate sized deciduous tree. 1. Bark : The mature bark is typically 6-15 cm long and 3-10cm wide with thickness varying from 5-15mm. The outer surface of the bark is gray to grayish-brown and rough, due to the presence of several small and rounded lenticels. 7

8. 2. Leaves: long-stalked, 5-14 cm long, 1.5-6cm wide, trifoliate, alternate and the ventral side clearly marked with veins. Even edges which is pointed at tips tapering towards base whereas surfaces are smooth. 8

9. 3. Fruit : Fruits of siplican are berry, globes with hard and woody rind with embedding seeds in the yellow pulp. The colour of the fruits are yellow with fleshy pulp. The diameter ranges from 1 to 2 inches. 9

10. 4. Flowers :stalked, white, fading to yellow, in dense terminal corymbs. 10

11. 5. Seeds are kidney shaped used for propagation. 11

12. Microscopic character TS of bark :The inner surface of bark is smooth and whitish-brown to buff coloured . Transverse section of mature bark shows an outer cork composed of thin walled, rectangular and tangentially elongated cells, phellogen single layered and thin walled. Tangentially elongated cells followed by a wide secondary cortex consisting of thin walled, polygonal with a number of starch grains. 12

13. Chemical constituents Table1:Phytoconstituents of C. nurvala Buch -Ham 13 Chemical nature of phytoconstituents Example Parts of plant Alkaloids Cadabicine , cadabicine diacetate , Stem bark Saponins Diosgenin Stem bark Tannin (-) Epiafzelechin , (-) epiafzelechin -S-O- β- D glucoside and catechin Stem bark, root bark Flavonoids Rutin , quercetin , isoquercetin stem bark Ref- Khattar V, WAL A(2012)

14. contd. Chemical nature of phytoconstituents Example Parts of plant Glucosinolates 6-C-glycopyranosyl luteolin , glucocapparin Leaves Phytosterols Spinasterol acetate, taraxasterol , cetyl alcohol, fagarasterol Stem bark, root bark Triterpene Lupeol and their acetates,, β- sitosterol , varunol , betulinic acid Stem bark, root bark Ref- Khattar V, WAL A(2012) 14

15. Structures and activities of some active compounds from crataeva nurvala Activity Responsible for antihepatotoxicity , antitumor , antiinflammatory , chemoprotective agents, antimicrobial, antiarthritic , antihyperglycemic , antioxidant, cytotoxic,hypotensive , antiedemic , and antiperoxidant . Ref- Khattar et al.(2012) 15

16. Activity Responsible for antidiabetic , antioxidant, atherosclerosis, prostate enlargement, antihypercholesterolemia,androgenic,anticancer,antimutagenic , antifeedent,antigonadotrophic , and antiprostatic . Ref-Khatter et al.(2012) 16 β- sitosterol

17. 17 Kaempferol

18. Other compounds are: 18 Quercetin Diosgenin

19. 19 Cadabicine Epiafzelechin

20. Pharmacological action 1) Anti inflammatory activity Lupeol has been extensively studied for its inhibitory effects on inflammation under in vitro and in animal models of inflammation. A comprehensive study showed that topical application of Lupeol (0.5 and 1 mg/ear) alleviated 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)- induced inflammation in an ear mouse model. This study showed that topical application of Lupeol decreases myeloperoxidase levels[ neutrophil specific marker] thus causing reduction in cell infiltration into inflamed tissues in mice.( Kattar V, Wall A etal .(2012) 20

21. 2) Urolithic property The study was carried out to observe the effect of Varuna ( Crataeva nurvala ) on the experimental model of urolithiasis (albino rats). The study was categorized into two groups: Group I, treated and Group II, control. In all albino rats, stone was surgically implanted into the urinary bladder. Estimation of the urinary and serum electrolyte done periodically and x-rays were exposed at a regular interval. This study suggests the decoction of Crataeva nurvala is effective in the management of urolithiasis . ( Kattar V, Wall A etal .(2012) 21

22. 3) Anti-fertility activity The ethanol and aqueous extracts of the dried stem bark of the plant Crataeva nurvala Buch -Hum have been found to possess significant anti-fertility effects in rats. Both ethanol and aqueous extracts exhibited partial and complete resorption of implants at 300 and 600 mg/kg dose levels, respectively.In estrogenic activity study, both the extracts increased uterine weight and caused opening and cornification of vagina in immature rats. This work justifies its effectiveness in preventing pregnancy in all rats at dose levels. ( Kattar V, Wall A etal .(2012) 22

23. 4)Analgesic and antidiarrhoeal activity The leaves of medicinal plant ‘ Crataeva nurvala Buch Ham’ was extracted in ethanol to evaluate the peripherally acting analgesic potential using acetic acid induced writhing and antidiarrhoeal activity using intestinal motility test both in mice. The crude extract showed significant (P<0.01) analgesic activity at oral doses of 200 and 400mg/kg body weight with an inhibition of writhing 68.4% and 76.3% compared to 67% for the positive control. ( Kattar V, Wall A etal .(2012) 23

24. 5) Antidiabetic activity Crateva nurvala stem bark extracts have activity against in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. A comparison was made between the action of different extracts of C. nurvala and a known antidiabetic drug glibenclamide (600 μ g/kg b. wt.). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in diabetic rats: C. nurvala petroleum ether extract (CNPEE) and ethanolic extract (CNEE) showed significant (P<0.001) antidiabetic activities. ( Kattar V, Wall A etal .(2012) 24

25. 6) Antiarthritic activity Lupeol is a naturally occuring triterpene isolated from Crataeva nurvala stem bark, and its ester lupeol linoleate was synthesized. The effects of lupeol and lupeol linoleate on the development of complement in adjuvant arthritis in rats were studied and compared with those of indomethacin . The effect of lupeol linoleate in reducing the foot-pad thickness and complement activity in arthritic rats was even greater than that of unesterified lupeol and indomethacin . ( Kattar V, Wall A etal .(2012) 25

26. 7) Cardioprotective activity Cyclophosphamide (CP), an alkylating agent widely used in cancer chemotherapy, causes fatal cardiotoxicity . Lupeol linoleate were investigated for their possible cardioprotective effects against CP-induced toxicity. Male albino rats of Wistar strain were injected with a single dose of CP(200 mg/kg body weight, ip ). In CP-administered rats, activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase were elevated in serum with a concomitant decline in their activities in the cardiac tissue.( Kattar V, Wall A etal .(2012) 26

27. 8) Antinociceptive activity The antinociceptive effect of crude ethanolic extracts was evaluated by ‘acetic acid’ analgesic test method in mice. Crude ethanolic extracts of Crataeva nurvala (250–500 mg/kg PO) produced dose-dependent, significant (p < 0.05–0.001) antinociceptive effect against chemically induced nociceptive painstimuli in mice. The results obtained in this study suggest that the antinociceptive effect of the extracts of Crataeva nurvala are peripherally and centrally-mediated. .( Kattar V, Wall A etal .(2012) 27

28. 9)Antioxidant property Lupeol , a phytoconstituents after isolated from the stem bark of the plant increased the level of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase ( GPx ), glutathione S- transferase (GST), catalase , glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Treatment with lupeol will reduce the oxalate concentration, exhibit antiperoxidation activity and proved to be effective in restoring the antioxidant enzymes in normal condition. ( Saharana S, Jain A etal (2012) 28

29. Therapeutic uses 1. The paste of bark is used in following Genitourinary Conditions : atonic bladder (lack of normal tone) benign prostatic hyperplasia (increase in volume of a tissue or organ caused by the formation of and growth of new cells) bladder tonic chronic urinary tract infections hypotonic bladder (reduced tone or tension) and incontinence and possibly enuresis (bedwetting) prevention and treatment of kidney stones 29

30. 2. The paste of leaves or bark is applied in cervical adenitis, abscess and edematous wounds, relief of rheumatic joint pain. 3. The pulp of leaves is applied on abdomen in splenic enlargement. 4. The decoction of leaves given along with ghee relieves flatulence and abdominal pain. It also works well as a laxative, cholegogue , appetizer and vermicide, hence useful in anorexia, tumors, liver disorders, flatulent dyspepsia and helminthiasis . 30

31. Ethnomedicinal Uses The stem, roots and leaves of varuna have great medicinal value. The plant is used internally as well as externally. Externally, the paste or its leaves or skin of bark is applied in cervical adenitis, abscess and edematous wounds. The same paste is salutary in rheumatic joint for relief of pain. The pulp of leaves is applied on abdomen in spleen enlargement, with great benefit. 31

32. Internally, varuna is used in vast range of diseases. The decoction of leaves given along with ghee relieves flatulence and abdominal pain. It also works well as a laxative, cholegogue , appetizer and vermicide, hence useful in anorexia, tumors, liver disorders, flatulent dyspepsia and helminthiasis . The decoction of skin of varuna is given along with honey in abscesses for the potent anti inflammatory action. The leaves cooked as vegetables are also benevolent in obesity. 32

33. The decoction of bark skin or roots in beneficial in urinary calculi, dysuria and cystitis. The decoction of leaves effectively alleviates the fever and associated delirium. The fresh juice of its leaves is useful as a bitter tonic. The bark of C. nurvala is contraceptive and cytotoxic and is especially useful in urinary disorders, kidney bladder stones, fever, vomiting and gastric irritation. 33

34. Pharmacopeial standard Quality standard Foreign matter not more than 2% Total Ash Not more than 13% Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1% Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 1% Water-soluble extractive Not less than 8 34

35. Formulation Ayurvedic preparation 1) Varunadi quath : Useful in treatment of urinary calculi and urinary tract disorders, Burning Micturition , Pylitis , Nephritis, U.T.I, Prostatitis , Dysurea,Prostate enlargement. September 21, 2016 Pharmaceutical Seminar 1 35 www.google.com

36. 2) Varunadya ghrta Used in Ayurveda for reducing phlegm, fat deposition, metabolic disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine headaches and inflammatory conditions. 36 www.google.com

37. 3) Varunadya taila - Used in treatment of renal calculus or stone. 37

38. References KhattarV , Wal A(2012) Utilities Of Crataeva nurvla , International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences review article, Vol 4, Suppl 4, 2012. Saharana S, Jain A, Suthar N,Mahadevan N(2012) A Review on Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Values of Crataeva nurvala Buch-Ham I,SSN 2278-0580 (P) 38

39. Singh V, Soni L K, Pareek D, Parasher P and Dobhal MP (2016) The Isolation, Characterization of Lupeol from Crataeva nurvala and Their Chemical Modification, Chem Sci Rev Lett 2016, 5(20), 176-181( Assecessed on 20 th july 2018) Url1: http:// www.planetayurveda.com /library/ varuna-crataeva-nurvala Url 2 :https:// www.dabur.com /in/en-us/about/science-of- ayurveda /herbal-medicinal-plants/ varun -plant 39

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