1713411235936_ICT_Skills.pptx jshdvdgjdbdvbd

It skills ppt

1. Grade: IX Subject: IT ICT skills

2. What is ICT ICT stands for information and communication Technology ICT is a set of all technologies that allow us to access, store and transmit information. It includes hardware, such as computers, smartphone, tablets and other electronic devices, as well as software , such as applications, internet, email and instant messaging, as well as social media and other online platforms for collaboration and knowledge sharing.

3. ICT at Home A personal computer (PC) is used to work at home, to do household accounts, play games, surf the web, use e-mail, create music, and pursue a range of other hobbies. PC is also used to play games. It includes action games, role playing games, puzzles and many more. ICT at Home:- i. Communication ii. Home automation iii. online shopping

4. ICT at Home Teaching, Learning and Assessment: ICT finds presence and expression in almost all the functions of the schools, such as admission, time table, classroom instruction, evaluation, laboratory management, learning resources management, examination and certification. b . Inclusive Education: With the help of ICT, students can access educational resources and courses online allowing them to learn from anywhere, at any time. ICT used in educational institutions- Smart boards, Educational software, Learning Management system, Virtual reality.

5. ICT in Education Teaching, Learning and Assessment: ICT finds presence and expression in almost all the functions of the schools, such as admission, time table, classroom instruction, evaluation, laboratory management, learning resources management, examination and certification. b . E-Learning: With the help of ICT, students can access educational resources and courses online allowing them to learn from anywhere, at any time. ICT used in educational institutions- Smart boards, Educational software, Learning Management system, Virtual reality.

6. ICT in Healthcare ICT is used in the health sector in numerous ways. Hospital Management System is used to maintain and manage patients’ records as well as various activities pertaining to hospital administration. The computerized machines are used for ECG, EEG, Ultrasound and CT Scan. The variety of measuring instruments and surgical equipment are used to monitor patients’ conditions during complex surgery.

7. ICT in Governance E-governance refers to the use of technology to improve the efficiency to improve , transparency and effectiveness of government services. It includes - Online portals Digital identity E-voting

8. ICT tools and hardware ICT tools are electronic devices that are used to access, process, store and communicate information. Some examples of ICT tools include: Computer Smartphone Tablet Radio and television Email E-readers Smart boards

9. ICT tools and hardware ICT tools are electronic devices that are used to access, process, store and communicate information. Some examples of ICT tools include: Computer Smartphone Tablet Radio and television Email E-readers Smart boards

10. Components of Computer System Computer systems consist of three components as shown in below image:  Central Processing Unit, Input devices and Output devices . Input devices provide data input to processor, which processes data and generates useful information that’s displayed to the user through output devices. This is stored in computer’s memory.

11. Block Diagram of Computer

12. CPU Stands for Central Processing Unit Also known as the Brain of Computer. It convert the Input into Output CPU perform its operation with the help of its 2 subunits :- ALU : Arithmetic and Logic Unit CU : Control Unit

13. A L U ALU Perform all the arithmetical and logical operations. Arithmetic operations like +, -, *, / Logical operation like comparison or decision making like: >, <, =, >=, <=, <>

14. C ontrol Unit Control and guides the interpretation of all the data and information. It coordinates the different units attached to computer system. It takes input from Input device and store it in main memory, then it send the data to ALU if any arithmetic operation is required after this it transfer the output to output devices.

15. Software Software is a set of programs, procedures, and routines that instructs a computer system what to do. It is mainly of two types named as,  System Software  and  Application Software.

16. System Software System software is a set of computer programs, which is designed to manage system resources.  It is a collection of such files and utility programs that are responsible for running and smooth functioning of your computer system with other hardware . 1) Operating System An Operating System is the most basic type of System Software that helps to manage computer hardware and software. It is the central part of any computer system which is responsible for the smooth functioning of any computer device.

17. System Software Language Translator- Programming translators are the software that converts high-level language into machine language.  A computer can only understand the machine language or binary bits pattern, either 0 or 1. A CPU understands this machine language that is not easy to understand by a normal human . Compiler and Interpreter. A compiler is also a type of system software used to convert high-level programming languages into executable machine codes or low-level programming languages. An Interpreter is also used to perform the same function. But the only difference is that compiler translates the whole program at once while the interpreter converts each line individually.

18. System Software Device Drivers Device Drivers are the types of system software that reduce the troubleshooting issues in your system . The operating system communicates with hardware components internally. This communication can easily be managed and controlled with the help of device drivers .   Utility Software Utility software  works as an interface between system software and application software. Utility software is a third-party tool designed to reduce maintenance issues and detect errors in the computer system. It comes with the operating system in your computer system.

19. Application Software Application software is a type of software that is designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the user. It is created for end-users and used the system software to operate and run on a computer. There are two broad categories of application software- general purpose software and specific purpose software. General purpose- general purpose software is designed to meet the needs of wide range of users and can perform a variety of functions Example – Microsoft office , Google chrome etc Specific purpose software- Also known as custom software, this software is designed to meet the needs of a specific user or organization. It is developed to perform a particular function or solve a specific problem. Example – airlines, railway software

20. Computer memory and its types As the word implies “memory” means the place where we have to store anything, this is very essential part of human being just like this memory is also very important for computer system because in computer system we have to store some data or information and for storing these items we need some memory or space. The following is the description of the units of memory in a computer: Byte (B) = 8 bits Kilobyte (KB) = 1,024 bytes Megabyte (MB) = 1,048,576 bytes = 1024 KB Gigabyte (GB) = 1,024 megabytes Terabyte (TB) = 1,024 gigabytes Petabyte (PB) = 1,024 terabytes Exabyte (EB) = 1,024 petabytes Zettabyte (ZB) = 1,024 exabytes Yottabyte (YB) = 1,024 zettabytes Brontobyte = 1,024 yottabytes Geopbyte = 1,024 brontobytes

21. Computer memory and its types

22. Computer memory and its types Primary memory   Random Access Memory (RAM)  is a type of computer memory that is used to temporarily store data that the computer is currently using or processing. RAM is volatile memory, which means that the data stored in it is lost when the power is turned off. RAM is typically used to store the operating system, application programs, and data that the computer is currently using.   Read Only Memory (ROM)  is a type of computer memory that is used to permanently store data that does not need to be modified. ROM is non-volatile memory, which means that the data stored in it is retained even when the power is turned off. ROM is typically used to store the computer’s BIOS (basic input/output system), which contains the instructions for booting the computer, as well as firmware for other hardware devices.

23. Computer memory and its types Secondary Memory   Floppy Disk:  A floppy disk consists of a magnetic disc in a square plastic case. It is used to store data and to transfer data from one device to another device. Floppy disks are available in two sizes (a) Size: 3.5 inches, the Storage capacity of 1.44 MB (b) Size: 5.25 inches, the Storage capacity of 1.2 MB. To use a floppy disk, our computer needs to have a floppy disk drive. This storage device becomes obsolete now and has been replaced by CDs, DVDs, and flash drives . 2. Compact Disc:  A Compact Disc (CD) is a commonly used secondary storage device. It contains tracks and sectors on its surface. Its shape is circular and is made up of polycarbonate plastic. The storage capacity of CD is up to 700 MB of data. A CD may also be called a CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory), in this computers can read the data present in a CD-ROM, but cannot write new data onto it. For a CD-ROM, we require a CD-ROM. CD is of two types:  CD-R (compact disc recordable): Once the data has been written onto it cannot be erased, it can only be read. CD-RW (compact disc rewritable): It is a special type of CD in which data can be erased and rewritten as many times as we want. It is also called an erasable CD.

24. Computer memory and its types Secondary Memory 3. Digital Versatile Disc:  A Digital Versatile Disc also known as DVD it is looks just like a CD, but the storage capacity is greater compared to CD, it stores up to 4.7 GB of data. DVD-ROM drive is needed to use DVD on a computer.   4. Hard Disk:  A hard disk is a part of a unit called a hard disk drive. It is used to storing a large amount of data. Hard disks or hard disk drives come in different storage capacities.(like 256 GB, 500 GB, 1 TB, and 2 TB, etc.). It is created using the collection of discs known as platters. The platters are placed one below the other. They are coated with magnetic material. Each platter consists of a number of invisible circles and each circle having the same centre called tracks. Hard disk is of two types (i) Internal hard disk (ii) External hard disk.   5. Flash Drive:  A flash drive or pen drive comes in various storage capacities, such as 1 GB, 2 GB, 4 GB, 8 GB, 16 GB, 32 GB, 64 GB, up to 1 TB. A flash drive is used to transfer and store data. To use a flash drive, we need to plug it into a USB port on a computer. As a flash drive is easy to use and compact in size, Nowadays it is very popular.

25. 25 Input Devices Any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to a computer. Allows the user to put data into the computer. Without any input devices, a computer would only be a display device and not allow users to interact with it.

26. 26 Examples of Input Device Keyboard Mouse Touchscreen Graphic tablet Microphone Scanner

27. 27 Keyboard One of the primary input devices used with a computer. Keyboards allow a computer user to input letters, numbers, and other symbols into a computer Uses an arrangement of buttons or keys. Requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence.

28. 28 Key Types Key Type Example Alphanumeric A-Z, 0-9 Punctuation . , ! “ ? Modifiers Shift, Space Bar, Enter, Ctrl, Alt Navigation Arrows, Home, Page Up System Command PrtScn, Esc, F1, Start

29. Pointing Devices Mouse A device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. The mouse is important for graphical user interfaces because user can simply point to options and objects and click a mouse button. 29

30. Input Devices Pointing Devices Type of Mouse Mechanical: Has a rubber or metal ball on its underside that can roll in all directions. Optical: Uses a laser to detect the mouse's movement. 30

31. Input Devices Pointing Devices Light Pen A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a light- sensitive wand used in conjunction with a computer's CRT display. It allows the user to point to displayed objects or draw on the screen in a similar way to a touchscreen but with greater positional accuracy. 31

32. 32 Input Devices Pointing Devices Based on moving stick Example: Joystick Gamepad

33. Input Devices Pointing Devices Joystick A joystick allows an individual to move an object in a game such as navigating a plane in a flight simulator. 33

34. Input Devices Pointing Devices Gamepad A gamepad , game controller , joypad , or video game controller is a peripheral device designed to be connected to a computer or console gaming system. It has multiple buttons and may have one or two mini joysticks. 34

35. 35 Input Devices Imaging and Video Input Devices Used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the computer. Example: Digital camera Webcam Optical scanner 3D scanner Fingerprint scanner Barcode reader

36. Input Devices Imaging and Video Input Devices Digital Camera A camera that stores the pictures or video it takes in electronic format instead of to film. Digital cameras have become the camera solution for most users today as the quality of the picture they take has greatly improved and as the price has decreased. 36

37. Input Devices Imaging and Video Input Devices Webcam A webcam is a hardware camera connected to a computer that allows anyone connected to the Internet to view either still pictures or motion video of a user or other object. 37

38. 38 Input Devices Imaging and Video Input Devices Optical Scanner An optical scanner is a hardware input device that allows a user to take an image or text and convert it into a digital file, allowing the computer to read or display the scanned object. Two types of scanner: Flatbed Hand-held

39. Input Devices Imaging and Video Input Devices Barcode Reader A barcode reader or scanner is a hardware device capable of reading a barcode and printing out the details of the product or logging that product into a database. 39

40. OUTPUT DEVICES Monitors Monitors, commonly called as  Visual Display Unit  (VDU), are the main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels. There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors. Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) FLAT-PANEL DISPLAY(LCD, LED) 40

41. OUTPUT DEVICES Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form a whole character, such as the letter ‘e’ in the word help. The flat-panel display is divided into two categories − Emissive Displays  − Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. For example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes). Non-Emissive Displays  − Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device). 41

42. OUTPUT DEVICES Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form a whole character, such as the letter ‘e’ in the word help. The flat-panel display is divided into two categories − Emissive Displays  − Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. For example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes). Non-Emissive Displays  − Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device). 42

43. TUX TYPING TUTOR Using typing software There are many software available which are free of cost and are customised to learn typing efficiently and effectively. Introduction to Rapid Typing Tutor Rapid Typing Tutor is a Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) designed to learn typing skills on the computer. It is free to use and share with others for free, but only by using the original distribution package. Learning to type is fun with the typing game included with Rapid Typing Tutor 43

44. TUX TYPING TUTOR Using typing software There are many software available which are free of cost and are customised to learn typing efficiently and effectively. Introduction to Rapid Typing Tutor Rapid Typing Tutor is a Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) designed to learn typing skills on the computer. It is free to use and share with others for free, but only by using the original distribution package. Learning to type is fun with the typing game included with Rapid Typing Tutor 44

45. TUX TYPING TUTOR Using typing software There are many software available which are free of cost and are customised to learn typing efficiently and effectively. Introduction to Rapid Typing Tutor Rapid Typing Tutor is a Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) designed to learn typing skills on the computer. It is free to use and share with others for free, but only by using the original distribution package. Learning to type is fun with the typing game included with Rapid Typing Tutor 45

46. OPERATING SYSTEM 46 The software that controls and manages the hardware is known as the operating system (OS). - OS enables a user to conveniently handle the computer and make the best use of its hardware. - A user simply gives a command to the OS, i.e., he/she specifies what should be done and the OS decides how and when the tasks should be done.

47. NEED OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM 47 Operating system manages and coordinates the functions of all the components of a computer – both hardware and software . The hardware in a computer provides resources for performing the basic computing tasks. - It is the job of the operating system to control and coordinate the use of the hardware so that the computing tasks can be performed with the help of various application software installed on the computer.

48. TYPES OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM 48 Some of the popular operating systems are as follows:  DOS: DOS refers to Disk Operating System and is also known as MS-DOS. This operating system was developed by Microsoft for IBM-compatible personal computers.  Windows: The term ‘Windows’ collectively represents all Microsoft OS products. Over the years, Microsoft has released various versions of Windows OS, such as Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10.  UNIX: UNIX was first developed in 1969 by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and others of the AT&T group at Bell Laboratories. It was among the first operating systems to be written in a high-level language, namely C. UNIX is a multiuser and multitasking operating system, which means that it allows two or more users to execute several programs simultaneously.  Linux: Linux is a UNIX-based, freely distributable, open-source OS. Open source refers to a program whose source code is freely available on the Internet. This source code is open to modification by anyone who uses it. UNIX, Linux and GNU are three OSs based on an open-source code .

49. TYPES OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM 49 - Mac : Mac OS is GUI-based OS developed by Apple Inc. This OS was introduced for Macintosh operating systems so that Macintosh users could experience the graphical user interface. The Mac OS was introduced in 1984 and was initially named Macintosh System Software, which was later renamed as Mac OS. - Solaris : It is a UNIX-based operating system that was originally produced by Sun Microsystems. Solaris is considered a successor of the Sun operating system. Sun Microsystems has historically dominated the UNIX market. With the growth of the Internet in the early 1990s, Solaris became the most widely used servers for websites.

50. FILES AND FOLDER 50 All information stored in a computer is kept in files. Different types of files store different types of information. Each file is given a file name and has a file name extension that identifies the file type. The file name extension are separated by a period or dot. Some extensions include. docx - document file .txt – for text files .mp3 – sound file .jpg – image file

51. CREATE A FOLDER 51 folder acts as a container for files. We generally save those files in a folder that are related in some way to each other. You can create a folder by r ight-clicking on the desktop and then s elect the New Folder option from the context menu, as shown in given figure. The New Folder dialog box appears. 2. Enter a name for the folder in the Folder Name text box. In our case, we have entered My Folder. 3. Click the Create button.

52. RENAME A FOLDER 52 1. Renaming a file or a folder means changing the existing name of the file or folder. Renaming a File or a Folder 2. You can rename a file or a folder by right-clicking the file or folder that you want to rename and then select the Rename option from the context menu. 3. The current name of the file or folder gets changed into an editable mode. 4. Enter the name of the file or folder in the Folder name text box and Click the Rename button.

53. DELETE A FOLDER 53 You can delete files or folders in your computer by r ight - click the file or folder you want to delete and then select the Move to Trash option from the context menu. 1. After you delete a file or folder from your computer’s drive, it does not get permanently deleted from your computer. 2. The deleted file is moved in the Recycle Bin, which holds the deleted files or folders .

54. INTERNET 54 The Internet refers to a collection of an infinite number of computers spread across the world. It is the largest computer network (a group of interconnected computers that can interact with one another) in the world. The Internet is also called a network of networks as it encompasses many small, medium and large networks. - The Internet allows people to communicate with each other all over the world.

55. APPLICATION OF INTERNET 55 The applications of the Internet are as follows:  Surfing and Searching the Internet: Surfing means moving from one website to the other using a Web browser. Searching the Internet means exploring various websites and Web pages on the Internet for the desired information. Some commonly used search engines are Google (www.google.com), Bing (www.bing.com) and Yahoo (www.search.yahoo.com).  Email: Through email, you can communicate with anyone around the world by sending and receiving electronic messages within seconds.  Chatting: Chat, as the name suggests, allows you to ‘talk’ real-time through messages.  E-learning: Electronic learning (e-learning) is the mode of acquiring knowledge by means of the Internet and computer-based training programs.  E-commerce: The concept of e-commerce is similar to commerce, which means transaction or exchange of goods and services.  Entertainment: The Internet is also a great medium of entertainment. You can use it to play music, videos and games. For example, YouTube is one of the popular websites that provides videos online.

56. BASICS INTERNET TERMS 56 Browser A piece of software such as Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer that allows a computer to access and display documents, view pictures, hear sound, and view video clips from the World Wide Web. E-mail Mail that's electronically transmitted by your computer. As opposed to snail mail, e-mail sends your messages instantaneously, anywhere in the world. It has the capability to send messages at any time and to anyone. Homepage The first page that is viewed when the browser starts. It is also the page of a Web site that provides the introduction or content with links. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) The abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the set of rules by which Web pages are transferred across the Internet . Uniform Resource Locator (URL) An addressing scheme that is used on the Internet to locate resources and/or services on the World Wide Web. Basically the URL is the address of a computer file that has been put on a computer server to access the Internet.  Web Page A single hypertext file or a page that is part of a Web site. Website A collection of World Wide Web pages or files.

57. BASICS INTERNET TERMS 57 Browser A piece of software such as Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer that allows a computer to access and display documents, view pictures, hear sound, and view video clips from the World Wide Web. E-mail Mail that's electronically transmitted by your computer. As opposed to snail mail, e-mail sends your messages instantaneously, anywhere in the world. It has the capability to send messages at any time and to anyone. Homepage The first page that is viewed when the browser starts. It is also the page of a Web site that provides the introduction or content with links. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) The abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the set of rules by which Web pages are transferred across the Internet . Uniform Resource Locator (URL) An addressing scheme that is used on the Internet to locate resources and/or services on the World Wide Web. Basically the URL is the address of a computer file that has been put on a computer server to access the Internet.  Web Page A single hypertext file or a page that is part of a Web site. Website A collection of World Wide Web pages or files.

58. EMAIL 58 Email (Electronic mail) represents a mode of communication in which a user can send electronic messages to other users through the Internet. 1. The electronic message is delivered to the user in his or her email account. Email provides a convenient way to exchange digital messages across the Internet. 2. It is a mode that allows groups as well as individual users to share ideas, information, etc., with each other. In order to send an email, you need to specify the email address of the receiver. 1. The format of the email address is: username@domainname 2. Before using the email service, you need to create an email account. Email Accounts 2. You can create a free Internet based email account on email servers, such as Gmail, Yahoo mail, Rediffmail , Hotmail, etc.

59. SENDING AND RECEIVING MESSAGE 59 After creating an email account, the next step is to log on to the account and check your email. 1. After reading an email message, you can send a reply mail or forward the message to other users. 2. Sending an email is a very simple process. 3. You can send an email message by using the following process: 4. Click the COMPOSE button. The New Message pop-up window opens. 5. Type the email addresses of the recipient(s) in the To text box, the subject of your email message in the Subject text box and your email message in the text area. 6. Click the Send button to send your email to the desired recipient. 7. You can also attach files along with your email messages.

60. SENDING AND RECEIVING MESSAGE 60 After creating an email account, the next step is to log on to the account and check your email. 1. After reading an email message, you can send a reply mail or forward the message to other users. 2. Sending an email is a very simple process. 3. You can send an email message by using the following process: 4. Click the COMPOSE button. The New Message pop-up window opens. 5. Type the email addresses of the recipient(s) in the To text box, the subject of your email message in the Subject text box and your email message in the text area. 6. Click the Send button to send your email to the desired recipient. 7. You can also attach files along with your email messages.

61. BCC AND CC IN EMAIL 61 Bcc stands for  Blind Carbon Copy , which is similar to Cc. It is also used to send the carbon copies of email to the multiple recipients without seeing a list of recipients. Example:  If you Bcc [email protected] and [email protected] on email, then neither Mark nor John will know that others receive the same email from the sender. Cc stands for  Carbon Copy . It is used in the Email to send the carbon copies of the Email to the recipients. In Cc, all recipients are able to see a list of all other recipients. Example:  If you Cc [email protected] and [email protected] on the Email, both Mark and John know that others (Mark or John) receive the same Email from the sender.

62. SOCIAL MEDIA 62 Social media refers to online platforms and technologies that enables users to create, share and exchange information, idea and content in virtual communities and networks. 1. Worldwide connectivity We have the chance to connect with others and share information through social media. It’s the communication that brings us all together, and it’s easily accessible . 2. Information spreads fast All important things such as major news events, missing person, weather information, etc. can cover in the world in a moment. 3. Online marketing You can build a relationship with your customers that makes them more likely to use your services. You can get the feedback right away.

63. CYBER SAFETY 63 1. Get the latest anti-virus and firewall software Download updates regularly to make sure you’re protected against any new online threats. 2. Update your internet browser The latest versions have built-in protection against fake websites and viruses. 3. Create a strong and easy-to-remember password Passwords that combine letters and numbers and special symbol are generally harder to guess. 4. Use a different password to the one you use for other services You should have a unique password for your Online Banking. 5. Change your password on a regular basis It’s a good idea to change your password every month.

64. TYPES OF CYBER CRIME 64 . Phishing and Scam: Phishing is a type of social engineering attack that targets the user and tricks them by sending fake messages and emails to get sensitive information about the user or trying to download malicious software and exploit it on the target system. 2. Identity Theft Identity theft occurs when a cybercriminal uses another person’s personal data like credit card numbers or personal pictures without their permission to commit a fraud or a crime. 3. Hacking/Misusing Computer Networks This term refers to the crime of unauthorized access to private computers or networks and misuse of it either by shutting it down or tampering with the data stored or other illegal approaches. 4 . Internet Fraud Internet fraud is a type of cybercrimes that makes use of the internet and it can be considered a general term that groups all of the crimes that happen over the internet like spam, banking frauds, theft of service, etc.

65. TYPES OF CYBER CRIME 65 5 . Cyber Bullying It is also known as online or internet bullying. It includes sending or sharing harmful and humiliating content about someone else which causes embarrassment and can be a reason for the occurrence of psychological problems. It became very common lately, especially among teenagers. 6 . Cyber Stalking Cyberstalking can be defined as unwanted persistent content from someone targeting other individuals online with the aim of controlling and intimidating like unwanted continued calls and messages.