2.2 POWERPOINT AP BIO for grade 10,11 or 12

For grade 11

1. Objective Context Engage Explore Express Evaluate Learning Objectives: Language Objective: The supporting standard from ELD SYI-1: Living systems are organized in a hierarchy of structural levels that interact. SYI-1.D: Describe the structure and/or function of subcellular components and organelles. SYI-1.D.4: The Golgi complex is a membrane-bound structure that consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs- Content Objective: As a biologist, Describe the structure and function of the subcellular components. Lesson Terminology : Organelles, Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, Ribosomes, UNIT 2 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 2.2 Cell Structure: Subcellular Components

2. Objective Context Engage Explore Express Evaluate Content Objective: As a biologist, Explore the structure and function of the subcellular components LIFE EXISTS IN HIERARCHY HOW MANY CLASSES ARE IN THE SCHOOL AND HOW CAN YOU CATEGORIZE THEM? There are two classes of organelles. Endomembrane system. Organelles that communicate with one another. Via membrane channels. Via small vesicles. Energy-related organelles. Mitochondria and chloroplasts. Independent and self-sufficient. In  eukaryotes  the organelles of the endomembrane system include the  nuclear membrane , the  endoplasmic reticulum , the  Golgi apparatus ,  lysosomes ,  vesicles ,  endosomes , and  plasma (cell) membrane  among others.

3. Objective Context Engage Explore Express Evaluate Activity 1: Think, pair, and share. Can you identify which Cell is Eukaryotic and which is Prokaryotic? Which of these organelles are membrane-bound? Content Objective: As a biologist, Describe the structure and function of the subcellular components. Membrane-bound organelles   (includes double membrane-bound and single membrane-bound Cytoplasmic structures).  Examples:  nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, plastids, lysosomes, and vacuoles. Non membranous organelles.  Examples:  ribosome organelle

4. Objective Context Engage Explore Express Evaluate Activity 2: Think, pair, and share. Create a table to relate and distinguish prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Content Objective: As a biologist, Explore the structure and function of subcellular components When thinking about the differences between plant cells and animal cells, also try to think about prokaryotic cells. On the AP exam, there will be questions that can only be answered if you can correctly identify if the cell is an animal, plant, or prokaryotic cell. That's why key identifiers are important to know.

5. Objective Context Engage Explore Express Evaluate Content Objective: As a biologist, Explore the structure and function of the subcellular components LET’S EXPLORE COMPARE BETWEEN THE TWO AND MAKE A NOTE OF ORGANELLES FOUND IN THEM

6. Objective Context Engage Explore Express Evaluate Content Objective: As a biologist, explain the structure and function of different macromolecules LET’S EXPLORE Nucleus Command center of cell, usually near center. Separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope . Consists of the double layer of membrane. Nuclear pores permit exchange between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. Contains chromatin in semifluid nucleoplasm. Chromatin contains nucleic acids and proteins and condenses to form chromosomes .. Chromosomes are formed during cell division. Chromosomes are carriers of genetic information. Dark nucleolus composed of rRNA. Produces subunits of ribosomes .

7. Objective Context Engage Explore Express Evaluate Content Objective: As a biologist, explain the structure and function of organelles Ribosomes WRITE THESE DOWN IN YOUR COPYBOOK AND ANSWER THEM What is a ribosome? What do ribosomes do? WRITE THESE DOWN IN YOUR COPYBOOK AND ANSWER THEM Where are proteins made in a cell? What are ribosomes made of? Where are ribosomes found inside a cell? WRITE THESE DOWN IN YOUR COPYBOOK AND ANSWER THEM Do prokaryotes have ribosomes? Do eukaryotic cells have ribosomes?

8. Objective Context Engage Explore Express Evaluate Content Objective: As a biologist, explain the structure and function of organelles Composed of rRNA They Consist of a large subunit and a small subunit. Subunits are made in nucleolus. May be located: on the endoplasmic reticulum (thereby making it “rough”), or free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups, called polyribosomes . Site of protein synthesis in the cell In the process of transcription and translation .Proteins synthesized by cytoplasmic ribosomes stay in the cytoplasm; those by attached ribosomes end up in the ER. The central dogma of molecular biology is the DNA-mRNA-protein sequence of events. Ribosomes The  ribosome  is a cytoplasmic structure that is minute and sphere-shaped. It is composed of  protein  and  ribonucleic acid  (RNA). As the famous ribosomes analogy to factories suggests, they serve as the site of protein synthesis; protein factories.

9. Objective Context Engage Explore Express Evaluate Content Objective: As a biologist, explain the structure and function of nucleic acids , COMPARE AND CONTRAST BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL TASK 3 What is responsible for facilitating cell movement and cell division? DRAW and STATE FUNCTION OF THE RIBOSOMES NUCLEUS

10. Objective Context Engage Explore Express Practice the assigned AP BIO QUESTIONS ON the college board account on UNIT 2 Lesson 2 Log in to your college board account Evaluate Content Objective: As a biologist, explain the structure and function of the Subcellular components TASK 4 COLLEGE BOARD QUESTION NEXT TASK

11. Let’s answer some basic questions first before moving ahead to the intricacies of the topic. What is a ribosome? Answer:  Ribosome is a cell organelle that’s  cytoplasmic  in nature and also called the  protein factory  of the cell. What do ribosomes do? Answer:  Ribosomes serve as the synthesis factories for  proteins . They translate the genetic message encoded in the form of  mRNA  to proteins. Proteins are made up of  amino acids . So, when asked,  “Do ribosomes make proteins?” , the answer is yes! Where are proteins made in a cell? Answer:  Since ribosomes are  translating machinery , they carry out the essential process of  protein synthesis  inside a cell. The conversion of  genetic code  from DNA to mRNA to proteins isn’t feasible without the ribosomal function. For the central dogma of life to run, ribosomes play an indispensable role. What are ribosomes made of? Answer:  Ribosomes are made up of 2 components namely  ribosomal RNA  (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins. Where are ribosomes found inside a cell? Answer:  Ribosomes are either found freely floating in the cytosol or attached to the RER ( Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ). Do prokaryotes have ribosomes? Answer:  Yes, all  prokaryotes  have ribosomes in their cells. Without ribosomes, the cells won’t be capable of repairing damage, producing proteins needed for various essential pathways and  processes , and maintaining life. Do eukaryotic cells have ribosomes? Answer:  Yes, all eukaryotic cells have ribosomes like prokaryotic cells. ANSWER KEY

12. Objective Context Engage Explore Express Evaluate Content Objective: As a biologist, explain the structure and function of the Subcellular components TASK 4 WRITE IT IN YOUR COPY BOOK COLLEGE BOARD QUESTION AP QUESTIONS 1.Cells contain smaller components called organelles that are necessary for a cell’s survival. Organelle functions have often been compared to components of larger systems. Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum ER is explained by the structural differences between them? Rough ER breaks down toxic substances, and smooth ER only transports them out of the cell. Rough ER can synthesize and package lipids for export, and smooth ER cannot. Rough ER can produce A T P, and smooth ER cannot. Rough ER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ER cannot. All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex? Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins Synthesis of cytosolic proteins based on the nucleotide sequences of m R N A's Degradation of proteins by hydrolytic enzymes contained within the complex Synthesis of various types of lipids The Golgi complex is a membrane-bound structure in which some proteins are moved from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they are enzymatically modified before being sent to a cellular membrane.

13. Objective Context Engage Explore Express Evaluate Check your answers and tell me the result Evaluate: After assessing yourself against the learning objective above, where do you belong? ASSIGNED PRACTICE QUESTION ANSWER KEY D C B A A