2.3. Types of Validity in assessment and education

Validity is the essential qualities of measurement.

1. TYPES OF VALIDITY Presented By : Rashu Shrestha Roll No : 21 Presented To : Bharat Kaphle Aadikavi Bhanubhakta Campus

2. CONTENTS 1 Introduction to Validity Types of Validity Factors Influencing Validity Multiple Choice Questions

3. The measurement of appropriateness and relevancy of the test is regarded as validity of the test. In other words, validity of the test depends upon the appropriateness, effectiveness, usefulness and relevancy of the test. No test can be valid until it becomes believable. To be believable, it must provide factual description and every test depends on certain subject, objectives, condition and special situation to be valid. For example, the test items of mathematics cannot be valid for the social studies examination. It means the valid test items of one test cannot be valid for another test. INTRODUCTION TO VALIDITY 2

4. Validity of a test depends upon its capacity to measure what it purpose to measure. -Kupuswamy Validity refers to the appropriateness of the interpretations made from test scores and other evaluation results with regard to a particular use. -Gronlund and Linn The correlation of the test with some criterion is validity. -Gulliksen 3 DEFINITION OF VALIDITY

5. TYPES OF VALIDITY Throndike and Hegen classifies validity in three parts. They are:- Content validity Criterion validity Concurrent Predictive Construct validity 4

6. CONTENT VALIDITY Content validity is also called logical validity, intrinsic validity, relevance validity, curricular validity or representative validity. Content validity is such validity in which the test is conducted to measure the unit wise achievement of subject by selecting questions from each and every unit. Therefore, question is taken without missing any units. It is computed by establishing the correlation of subject matters, objectives, unit wise objectives and so on. 5

7. CONTENT VALIDITY To achieve content validity the following things should be considered:- The set of question should include the unit wise representation. Much emphasis should be given to important units while selecting question paper. The nature of knowledge, skill and learning experiences which are going to be measured, should be pre determined. The question paper should contain discrimination power. Test items should be placed from simple to complex order. The language direction and words of the question should be clear. Question paper should represent the subject matters relatively. 6

8. CONTENT VALIDITY In fact, content validity is used to measure achievement or proficiency test in particular. It also can be used in evaluation of curriculum, analysis of textbooks, analysis to teachers, final question setting, concept of social utility and so on. The content validity of any test items can be evaluated through two ways: By judgment of subject specialists By statistical analysis 7

9. CRITERION VALIDITY In this method, the future behavior or achievement of the students is speculated on the basis of the present behavior or achievement. The present existing behavior is regarded as the base for the determination of the future prediction. Since future behavior results through the speculation, it is regarded as criterion related validity. Generally, content validity is based on logical analysis whereas criterion related validity is based on empirical actions. Criterion validity can be classified into two parts. They are:- Concurrent validity Predictive validity 8

10. Predictive validity predicts or speculates the future achievement. It is such method of validity which speculates about the forthcoming behavior of the students on the basis of previous obtained achievement or scores. It is also called empirical validity or statistical validity. Predictive Validity CRITERION VALIDITY Concurrent validity computes the correlation of two present base. The equivalence of present achievement of two similar subjects leads to have concurrent validity. It can be computed by comparing past tense and present tense, and especially used for personality judgments. Concurrent Validity 9 Concurrent Validity Predictive Validity

11. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY Construct validity is an analysis of test achievement in terms of psychological traits. It measure such human behavior, cognition, intellectual capacity, creativity, social maturation, aptitude, interest, love and pity, retention, concept, attitude, personality, tensions and other emotional aspects. To sum up, construct validity is a process f concretization of abstract concept. That’s why it needs a deep and wide research to get conclusion. 10

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSTRUCT VALIDITY It is used to evaluate psychological traits. It is used to measure difficult and complex process. It can be used while other measurement device fail to function. The psychological aspect which is going to be measured should be clarified and determined. Since it does not have certified measurement devices, should be computed carefully on the basis of deep observation, study, research etc. 11

13. FACTORS INFLUENCING VALIDITY Mistakes in question paper. Mistakes in examination process. Mistakes in scoring process. Physical and psychological aspect of examinee. Teaching activities and pattern of textbooks. Cultural impact. 12

14. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 13 Related Validity Empirical Validity Future Achievement Validity None of the above Predictive validity is also called ............... Validity Reliability Feasibility Objectivity Test re-test is a method to determine ..............

15. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 14 Validity Objectivity Reliability Comprehensiveness Hegen estimate is used to test ........... True False Validity is the ability of a research instrument to measure what it is designed to measure.

16. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 15 How well an instrument compares with a second assessment concurrently done A logic link between research instrument and objective The degree to which an instrument can forecast an outcome Statistical procedures establish the contribution of each important fact Construct validity refers to ...............

17. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 16 By measuring achievement By placing test items from simple to complex order By judgments of subject specialist By establishing the correlation of subject matters How can content validity of any test items can be evaluated? Construct validity is an analysis of ............. in terms of psychological traits. Test Achievement

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