2. Common Symbols Used In pharmacy.pptx

for pharmacy student

1. CHAPTER TWO Common Symbols Used In Pharmacy BY Tigabu.E ( B. Pharm ) 1 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

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6. Latin terms and abbreviations 6 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

7. Route of Administration Abbreviations 7 ad aurio dextra as., al aurio laeva, aurio sinister au auris utrae IM IV od oculus dexter Right Ear Left Ear Each Ear Intra m u s cular Intravenous Right Eye os ou oculus sinister oculus uterque Left Eye Each Eye po per os By Mouth sl Sublingually 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

8. Time of Administration Abbreviations 8 ac ante cibum Before Meals pc post cibum After Meals prn pro re nata As Needed hs hora somni At Bedtime qd quaque die Every Day qod Every Other Day tid ter in die Three Times A Day bid bis in die Two Times A Day qid quater in die Four Times A Day 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

9. Dosage Form Abbreviations 9 elix Eli x ir s u pp ung tab cap, caps suppositorium u n g u en t um tabella capsula Sup p o s ito r y Ointment Tablet Capsule SR,XR, XL Slow/Extended Release sol u tio Soluti o n sol s u sp syr syrupus Susp en s i o n Syrup 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

10. Measurement Abbreviations 10 semis gutta(e) ss i, ii gtt gm gr l one half one, two drop g ram g ra i n liter quantum sufficiat mcg mg meq ml qs d i sp microgram milligram milliequivalent milliliter A Sufficient Quantity dispense 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

11. Others Abbreviations 11 S t a t statim Now/Immediately No Refill NR UD ut dictum As Directed Sig Write On Label tsp Teaspoon n o ct n o cte At Night U . S . P . United States Pharmacopoeia 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

12. Types Of Dispensed Pharmaceutical Preparations 12 /Dosage Forms 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

13. Types of dosage forms 13 Definition: Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body. The need for dosage forms: - Accurate dose. Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampules. 3- Protection from gastric juice. - Masking taste and odour. - Placement of drugs within body tissues. 6- Sustained release medication. 7- Controlled release medication. 8- Optimal drug action. 9- Insertion of drugs into body cavities (rectal, vaginal) 10- Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

14. Dosage Forms 14 Medicine API (Active Pha r mace u tical Ingredients) E x ci p ien t s 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

15. Excipients 15 Coloring Agents Sweetening Agents Flavoring Agents Solubilizing Agents Antioxidants Preservatives Thickening Agents Suspending Agents Binding Agents Solvents Lubricants Perfumes 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

16. Why we should be familiar with the basic properties of dosage forms? API handling can be difficult or impossible (e.g. low mg and g doses) Accurate drug dosing can be difficult API administration can be impractical, unfeasible or not according to the therapeutically aims Some API can benefit from reducing the exposure to the environmental factors (light, moisture…), or they need to be chemically stabilised due to the inherent chemical instability. API can be degraded at the site of administration (e.g., low pH in stomach) API may cause local irritations or injury when they are present at high concentrations at the site of administration API can have unpleasant organoleptic qualities (taste, smell – compliance!) Administration of active substance would mean to have no chance for modification (improvement) of its PK profile 16 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

17. They are classified according to: Types Of Dosage Forms: 17 Physical form Solid Semisolid Liquid Gase o us Route of administration Oral Topical Rectal Parenteral Vaginal Inhaled Ophthalmic Otic 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

18. I) Oral dosage forms: 18 1-Tablet: A tablet is a hard, compressed medication in round, oval or square shape. The excipients include: -Binders, glidants (flow aids) and lubricants to ensure efficient tabletting. -Disintegrants to ensure that the tablet breaks up in the digestive tract. act i v e - S w e e ten e r s or fl a v o u r s to m a s k the tas t e of b a d - tas t ing ingredients. -Pigments to make uncoated tablets visually attractive. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

19. 1-Tablet … 19 A coating may be applied to: Hide the taste of the tablet's components. Make the tablet smoother and easier to swallow. 3- Make it more resistant to the environment. 4- Extending its shelf life. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

20. 2-Buccal and sublingual tablet: 20 Sublingual and buccal medications are administered by placing them in the mouth, either under the tongue (sublingual) or between the gum and the cheek (buccal). The medications dissolve rapidly and are absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth, where they enter into the bloodstream. Avoid the acid and enzymatic environment of the stomach and the drug metabolizing enzymes of the liver. Examples of drugs administered by this route: e.g. vasodilators, steroidal hormones . 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

21. 3-Effervescent tablet: 21 Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets that generally contain acid substances (citric and tartaric acids) and carbonates or bicarbonates and which react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing carbon dioxide. They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before use providing: A- Very rapid tablet dispersion and dissolution. B- Pleasant tasting carbonated drink. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

22. 4- Chewable Tablet: 22 T h e y are t a blets th a t c h e w ed prior to swallowing. T h e y are designed f or a d mini s t r at io n to children e.g. Vitamin products. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

23. 5- Capsule: A capsule is a medication in a gelatin container. - Advantage: mask the unpleasant taste of its contents. Soft gelatin capsule Hard gelatin capsule Spansu l es no r m a lly u s ed f or dr y , - The two main types of capsules are: 1 - Har d - shelled ca p s u le s , whi c h are powdered ingredients, 2 - Soft - s he l l ed ca p s u le s , prim a r i l y u sed f or o i l s and f or a cti v e ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil. 23 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

24. 6- Lozenge: 24 It is a solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum, the latter giving strength and cohesiveness to the lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicament. It is used to medicate the mouth and throat for the slow administration of indigestion or cough remedies. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

25. 7- Pastilles: They are solid medicated preparations designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth. They are softer than lozenges and their bases are either glycerol and gelatin, or acacia and sugar . 25 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

26. 8- Dental Cones: A tablet form intended to be placed in the empty socket following a tooth extraction, for preventing the local multiplication of pathogenic bacteria associated with tooth extractions. The cones may contain an antibiotic or antiseptic. 26 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

27. 9- P i l l s : 27 Pills are oral dosage forms which consist of spherical masses prepared from one or more medicaments incorporated with inert excipients. Pills are now rarely used. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

28. 10- Granules: 28 They are consisting of solid, dry aggregates of powder particles often supplied in single-dose sachets. Some granules are placed on the tongue and swallowed with water, others are intended to be dissolved in water before taking. Effervescent granules evolve carbon dioxide when added to water. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

29. 11- Powder (Oral): 29 u s e . There are two kinds of powder intended for internal 1- Bulk Powders are multidose preparations consisting of solid, loose, dry particles of varying degrees of fineness. They contain one or more active ingredients, with or without excipients and, if necessary, coloring matter and flavoring substances. - Usually contain non-potent medicaments such as antacids since the patient measures a dose by volume using a 5ml medicine spoon. The powder is then usually dispersed in water or, in the case of effervescent powders, dissolved before taking. 2- Divided Powders are single-dose presentations of powder ( for example, a small sachet) that are intended to be issued to the patient as such, to be taken in or with water. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

30. 12- Powders for Mixtures : - The mixed powders may be stored in dry form and mixture prepared by the pharmacist when required for dispensing, by suspending the powders in the appropriate vehicle . 30 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

31. 13-liquid Preparations: 31 a- Oral Solution:  Oral solutions are clear Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle. b- Oral Emulsion:  Oral emulsions are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which may contain dissolved solids. c-Oral Suspension: Oral suspensions are Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle. Oral suspensions may show a sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a uniform suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be delivered. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

32. 13-Liquid preparations (Cont.): 32 d- Syrup: I t i s a con c ent r at ed aq ueo u s s o l u t i on of a s u g a r , usually sucrose. F l a v ored sy r ups are a c on v e n i ent f o r m of m ask i ng disagreeable tastes. e- Elixir: I t i s plea s antly f l a v ored clear liqu i d o r al preparation of potent or nauseous drugs. The vehicle may contain a high proportion of s u c r ose which t o g ether with antimic r o bi a l c o n f e r s the s t a b il i ty of the ethanol or prese r v at i v e s preparation. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

33. 13-Liquid Preparations (Cont.): f- Linctuses: Linctuses are viscous, liquid oral preparations that are usually prescribed for the relief of cough. They usually contain a high proportion of syrup and glycerol which have a demulcent effect on the membranes of the throat. The dose volume is small (5ml) and, to prolong the demulcent action, they should be taken undiluted. g- Oral drops: Oral drops are liquid preparations for oral use that are intended to be administered in small volumes with the aid of a suitable measuring device. They may be solutions, suspensions or 35 emulsions. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 33

34. 13-Liquid preparations: 34 h- Gargles: They are aqueous solutions used in the prevention or treatment of throat infections. Usually they are prepared in a concentrated solution with directions for the patient to dilute with warm water before use. i- Mouthwashes :  T h ese are s i milar to g a r gles but are u s ed f o r o r al h y giene and to treat i n fectio n s of the m out h . 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

35. II) Topical Dosage Forms: Ointments: Ointments are semi-solid, greasy preparations for application to the skin, rectum or nasal mucosa. The base is us u a l l y an h yd r ou s and im m isci b l e w i th skin secretions. Ointments may be used as emollients or to apply suspended or dissolved medicaments to the skin. 35 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

36. Topical Dosage Forms (Cont.): 36 2- Creams: Creams are semi-solid emulsions, that is mixtures of oil and water. They are divided into two types: A- Oil-in-water (O/W) creams: which are composed of small droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase. Oil-in-water creams are more comfortable and cosmetically acceptable as they are less greasy and more easily washed off using water. B- Water-in-oil (W/O) creams: which are composed of small droplets of water dispersed in a continuous oily phase. Water-in-oil creams are more difficult to handle but many drugs which are incorporated into creams are hydrophobic and will be released more readily from a water-in-oil cream than an oil-in-water cream. Water-in-oil creams are also more moisturizing as they provide an oily barrier which reduces water loss from the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

37. Topical Dosage Forms (Cont.): 37 3- Gels (Jellies): Gels are semisolid system in which a liquid phase is constrained within a 3-D polymeric matrix (consisting of natural or synthetic gum) having a high degree of physical or chemical cross-linking. They are used for medication, lubrication and some miscellaneous applications like carrier for spermicidal agents to be used intra vaginally 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

38. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 38 5- Pastes : Pastes are basically ointments into which a high percentage of insoluble solid has been added. The extraordinary amount of particulate matter stiffens the system. Pastes are less penetrating and less macerating and less heating than ointment. Pastes make particularly good protective barrier when placed on the skin, the solid they contain can absorb and thereby neutralize certain noxious chemicals before they ever reach the skin. Like ointments, paste forms an unbroken relatively water– impermeable film unlike ointments the film is opaque and therefore can be used as an effective sun block accordingly. Pastes are less greasy because of the absorption of the fluid hydrocarbon fraction to the particulates. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

39. Topical Dosage Forms (Cont.): 39 There are two types of paste: Fatty pastes (e.g: leaser's paste) . Non greasy pastes (e g: - bassorin paste). 6- Dusting powders: T h ese are f ree f l o wing v ery f i ne p o w ders f or external use. Not for use on open wounds unless the powders are sterilized. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

40. Topical Dosage Forms (Cont.): Transdermal Patch: A transdermal patch or skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types such as oral, topical, etc is that it provides a controlled release of the medicament into the patient. The first commercially available patch was scopolamine for motion 42 sickness. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 40

41. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 8-Plasters: Plasters are solid or semisolid masses adhere to the skin when spread upon cotton felt line or muslin as a backing material and they are mainly used to, A- Afford protection and mechanical support. B- Furnish an occlusive and macerating action. C- Bring medication into close contact with the surface of the skin. 41 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 41

42. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 9- Liniments: Liniments are fluid, semi-fluid or, occasionally, semi-solid preparations intended for application to the skin. They may be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions. Most are massaged into the skin (e.g. counter-irritant). Liniments should not be applied to broken skin. 42 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 42

43. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 10-Lotions: These are fluid preparations (aqueous) for external application without friction. They are either dabbed on the skin or applied on a suitable dressing and covered with a waterproof dressing to reduce evaporation. 43 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 43

44. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 11- Collodion: Collodion is a solution of nitrocellulose in ether or acetone, sometimes with the addition of alcohols. -Its generic name is pyroxylin solution. -It is highly flammable. -As the solvent evaporates, it dries to a celluloid- like film. - Compound Wart Remover consists of acetic acid and salicylic acid in an acetone collodion base used in Treatment of warts by keratolysis. 44 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 44

45. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): o u s 12- Paints: P aints are liqu i ds f or a p plica t io n to the s k i n or m uc us membranes. Skin paints contain volatile solvent that evaporates quickly to leave a dry resinous film of medicament. Throat paints are more viscous due to a high content of glycerol, designed to prolong contact of the medicament with the affected site. 45 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 45

46. Topical dosage forms (Cont.): 13- Pressurized dispensers (aerosol sprays): Several different types of pharmaceutical product may be packaged in pressurized dispensers, known as aerosols. Surface sprays produce droplets of 100 um diameter or greater. May be used as surface disinfectants, wound or burn dressing, relieve irritation of bites. Spray-on dusting powders are also available from pressurized containers. 46 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 46

47. III) Rectal dosage forms: 1- Suppository:  It is a small solid medicated mass, usually cone- shaped ,that is inserted either into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository or pessaries) where it melts at body temperature . 47 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 47

48. Rectal dosage forms: 2- Enema:  An enema is the procedure of introducing liquids into the rectum and colon via the anus. Types of enema: 1- Evacuant enema: used as a bowel stimulant to treat constipation. E.g. soft soap enema & Mgso 4 enema. The volume of evacuant enemas may reach up to 2 liters. They should be warmed to body temperature before administration. 48 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 48

49. Rectal dosage forms (Cont.): 2- Retention enema: Their volume does not exceed 100 ml. No warming needed. May exert: A- Local effect: e.g. a barium enema is used as a contrast substance in the radiological imaging of the bowel. B- Systemic effect: e.g. the administration of substances into the bloodstream. This may be done in situations where it is impossible to deliver a medication by mouth, such as antiemetics. e.g. nutrient enema which contains carbohydrates, vitamins & mine r al s . 5 1 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 49

50. IV) Vaginal dosage forms: 50 1- Pessary: Pessaries are solid medicated preparations designed for insertion into the vagina where they melt or dissolve. There are three types: A- Moulded pessaries : they are cone shaped and prepared in a similar way to moulded suppositories. B- Compressed pessaries : made in a variety of shapes and are prepared by compression in a similar manner to oral tablets. C- Vaginal capsules : are similar to soft gelatin oral Capsules differing only in size and shape. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

51. Vaginal Dosage Forms: 51 2- Vaginal ring: Vaginal rings are 'doughnut-shaped' polymeric drug delivery devices designed to provide controlled release of drugs to the vagina over extended periods of time. Several vaginal ring products are currently available, including: Femring : A low-dose estradiol-acetate releasing ring, manufactured from silicone elastomer, for the relief of hot flashes and vaginal atrophy associated with menopause. NuvaRing: A low-dose contraceptive vaginal ring, releasing progesterone and estrogen. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

52. Vaginal dosage forms (Cont.): 52 3- Douche: A douche is a device used to introduce a stream of water into the body cavity for medical or hygienic reasons. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

53. Vaginal Dosage Forms (Cont.): 4- Intrauterine Device: 53 -It is a birth control device placed in the uterus, also known as an IUD or a coil. -The IUD is the world's most widely used method of reversible birth control. -The device has to be fitted inside or removed from the uterus by a doctor . -It remains in place the entire time pregnancy is not desired. Depending on the type, a single IUD is approved for 5 to 10 years use. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

54. V) Parenteral dosage forms: 54 An injection is an infusion method of putting liquid into the body, usually with a hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth for the material to be forced into the body. There are several methods of injection, including: 1-An intravenous injection: It is a liquid administered directly into the bloodstream via a vein. It is advantageous when a rapid onset of action is needed. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

55. Parenteral dosage forms : 55 either 2- Intramuscular injection: -It is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle. Many vaccines are administered intramuscularly. -Depending on the chemical properties of the drug, the medication may be absorbed fairly quickly or more gradually. Intramuscular injections are often given in the deltoid, vastus lateralis, ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal muscles. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

56. Parenteral dosage forms: 56 3- Subcutaneous injection: Subcutaneous injections are given by injecting a fluid into the sub cutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis. Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and such medications as insulin. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

57. VI) Inhaled dosage forms: 57 1- Inhaler : Inhalers are solutions, suspensions or emulsion of drugs in a mixture of inert propellants held under pressure in an aerosol dispenser. Release of a dose of the medicament in the form of droplets of 50 um diameter or less from the container through a spring-loaded valve incorporating a metering device. The patient then inhales the released drug through a mouthpiece. In some types, the valve is actuated by finger pressure, in other types the valve is actuated by the patient breathing in through the mouthpiece. It is commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

58. Inhaled dosage forms (Cont.): 2- Nebulizer or (atomizer): A nebulizer is a device used to administer medication to people in forms of a liquid mist to the airways. It is commonly used in treating asthma, and other respiratory diseases. It pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient. -As a general rule, doctors generally prefer to prescribe inhalers for their patients, because: 1-These are cheaper 2- More portable 3- Carry less risk of side effects. Nebulizers, for that reason, are usually reserved only for serious cases of 6 r espiratory disease, or severe attacks. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 58

59. VII) Ophthalmic dosage forms: 59 Eye drops: Eye drops are saline-containing drops used as a vehicle to administer medication in the eye. Depending on the condition being treated, they may contain steroids, antihistamines or topical anesthetics. Eye drops sometimes do not have medications in them and are only lubricating and tear-replacing solutions. 2- Ophthalmic ointment & gel: These are sterile semi-solid Preparations intended for application To the conjunctiva or eyelid margin. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

60. CHAPTER THREE INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACY PRACTICE 5/9/2022 60 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

61. Pharmacy practice areas Pharmacy professionals can be involved in different pharmacy practice areas: Health care institutions (hospital, health center…..) Community pharmacies Pharmaceutical industries Government agencies Importers and wholesalers Academic and research institutions Others ( professional associations, NGOs…… 5/9/2022 61 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

62. A. Hospital Pharmacy The practice and profession of choosing , preparing , storing , compounding , and dispensing Medicines & M/devices Hospital Pharmacy Services include: Dispensing: Is the process of issuing medications with provision of appropriate information It can be based on: A prescription Oral request – for OTC drugs (responding to symptoms) Counseling is an integral part Appropriate communication skill is needed Ethical practice is expected 5/9/2022 62 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

63. Hospital pharmacy… 2. Compounding Is small-scale preparation of pharmaceutical preparations There are different reasons for the need of compounding 3. Drug supply management Is the process of the efficient management of resources to ensure access to medications It involves: Selection Quantification Procurement Distribution Use 5/9/2022 63 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

64. Hospital pharmacy…. 4. Drug information service Pharmacists can provide drug information on different areas to Other health care professionals Patients/caregivers 5. Clinical pharmacy/ pharmaceutical care Is the application of the pharmaceutical expertise to help maximize drug efficacy, minimize drug toxicity and promote cost-effectiveness The main revolutionary feature of clinical pharmacy is the presence of the pharmacist in the ward 5/9/2022 64 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

65. Hospital Pharmacy…. Pharmacists collaborate with other members of the health care team to: Initiate therapy Monitor therapy Modify therapy Discontinue therapy to avoid or resolve medication related problems Pharmaceutical care process Step 1: targeting and screening of patients Step 2: assess the patient’s drug therapy needs and identify actual and potential drug therapy problems Step 3: develop a care plan to resolve and/or prevent drug therapy problems Step 4: Implementation and monitoring of the care plan. Step 5: evaluation and reviewing of the care plan. 5/9/2022 65 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

66. Cont.. Compounding -involves the preparation , mixing , assembling , packaging , and labeling of a drug in accordance with a licensed practitioner's prescription. Compounding should only be undertaken by capable, qualified and authorized personnel who have been trained for the type of compounding conducted. Why Compound ? 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 66

67. Cont .. The benefit of compounding is for; Unavailable Strength/Dosage Form/Route of Administration Unavailable Medications (limited use, short shelf life, etc.) Sensitivity to Dyes, Fillers, Preservatives 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 67

68. Function of hospital pharmacist Provide services to pt.'s & health care professionals in Hospitals Advising HC professionals & pt.'s on their safe, effective and efficient medication use Providing specifications for the purchase of drugs, chemicals etc… Proper storing of drugs & medical supplies. Manufacturing & distribution of medicaments such as parenteral products, tablets, capsules, ointments & stock mgt. Generally hospital pharmacist provide serves to pt. and HCP, advising pt and HCP on medication use ,proper storing manufacturing, distributing and controlling of medication is its major function. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 68

69. B. Community Pharmacy Community pharmacy is the area of pharmacy practice in which medicines and other related products are dispensed directly to the public from a retail outlet. Roles Dispensing Compounding Drug information provision Public health role 5/9/2022 69 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

70. Cont … Are often patients’ first point of contact and for some patients, the only contact with a healthcare professional. This is due to; Convenience Location and Ease of access Extended opening hours Availability of medicines In addition to medicines & prescriptions, many now sell a diverse arrangements of additional house hold items such as cosmetics, shampoo, office supplies, confectionary and snack foods. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 70

71. Organization of a community pharmacy Location :in the city/town among the public activities Human resource: Pharmacists (chief/manager and may be others) Pharmacy technicians, Other support staff (cashier, accountant, cleaner, guard). 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 71

72. The layout of the pharmacy includes: Dispensary area dispensing counter, shelves, dispensing aids, computer, etc Patient waiting area chairs, reading materials of health promotion materials, Patient counseling area - a room that affords privacy and a comfortable chair and table, shelves Compounding room compounding equipments and chemicals, washing facilities, etc Office - desk, chair, computer, reference materials, etc Toilet (with water facilities) and Others required for proper operation of the pharmacy as required by the services delivered and local regulatory requirements. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 72

73. C. Pharmaceutical industries Sales and promotion Marketing Research and development Pharmaceutical production Quality assurance and quality control Management and administration 5/9/2022 73 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

74. Cont.. Industrial pharmacists  conduct research, testing and analysis in the development of medicines and production of pharmaceuticals and related supplies . Industrial pharmacists use the latest methods, technologies and processes to develop new medications, and may be involved in clinical drug trial. 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 74

75. Cont.. The role of the pharmacist is not limited to medication dispensing and patient education, but extends further into discovering, evaluating and manufacturing medications In Germany and France, qualified employees in the pharmaceutical industry must also be well trained pharmacists in the field as there are no other degrees that could adequately cover their work responsibilities 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 75

76. D. Government agencies Drug regulatory agencies Ensuring quality, safety and efficacy Product registration Controlling different pharmaceutical establishments Pharmaceutical supply agencies Pharmacists can be involved in forecasting, procurement, storage, inventory management and distribution of pharmaceuticals 5/9/2022 76 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

77. E. Academic institutions Teaching institutions utilize pharmacists in the education and training of not only pharmacy students, but also students in the allied health professions. 5/9/2022 77 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

78. F. Others Professional associations NGOs 5/9/2022 78 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

79. PHARMACIST ROLE IN THE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY 5/9/2022 79 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

80. Pharmacy professionals can contribute a lot to improve quality of health care through different pharmaceutical services rational dispensing practice Compounding Clinical pharmacy practice Drug information service Managing drug supply……etc 5/9/2022 80 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

81. Besides pharmacists can have their own role in public health (health promotion and education) Immunization programs and other campaigns Emergency preparedness and response Prevention and control of infectious diseases, chronic diseases, injuries Advice on diet and life style Health screening Prevention and control of adverse drug events Health education (e.g. drug use) Smoking cessation initiatives and others 5/9/2022 81 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm)

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83. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 5/9/2022 Introduction to pharmacy by Tigabu .E(B.pharm) 83