2018 Elementary and elements of statistics.pptx

GST04208: Elementary statistics for NTA LEVEL FOUR students pursuing basic technician certificate in community development and social work ant Teofilo Kisanji University-Tanzania
This module helps student to acquires basic knowledge on statistics as the bigners

1. Elementary statistics & Elements of statistics Codes: CDT04213 & GST04208 1 st TOPIC: Meaning and Concepts of Statistics April, 2024.

2. What is statistics? Statistics is a very broad subject, with applications in a vast number of different fields. Putting it in other words, statistics is the methodology which scientists and mathematicians have developed for interpreting and drawing conclusions from collected data. Everything that deals with the collection, processing, interpretation and presentation of data belongs to the domain of statistics .

3. What is statistics? Other definitions (Statistics). Statistics consists of a body of methods for collecting and analyzing data. ( Agresti & Finlay, 1997) From above, it should be clear that statistics is much more than just the tabulation of numbers and the graphical presentation of these tabulated numbers.

4. What is statistics? In generally one can say that statistics is the methodology for collecting, analyzing, interpreting and drawing conclusions from information.

5. What is statistics? That is, statistics provides methods for: 1. Design: Planning and carrying out research studies. 2 . Description: Summarizing and exploring data. 3 . Inference: Making predictions and generalizing about phenomena represented by the data.

6. What is statistics? Example (Statistics in practice ).   Consider the following problems: Agricultural problem: Is new grain seed or fertilizer more productive? Medical problem: What is the right amount of dosage of drug to treatment? Economics : What will be the unemployment rate next year? Technical problem: How to improve quality of product ?

7. Statistical Data Meaning of Statistical Data Statistical data is an information in raw or unorganized form (such as alphabets, numbers, or symbols) that refers to, or represent, conditions, ideas, or objects. Data is the set of information obtained from the field. It is the actual pieces of information collected through the study

8. Statistical Data Categories of data There are two types of statistical data: Quantitative data Qualitative data  1. Quantitative data Quantitative data are the measurements that can be recorded by a number e.g. time i.e. 20 min/hr, amount of dollars i.e. 200 dollars Quantitative data are the data that records or describe number e.g. two cars, 20 peoples

9. Statistical Data 2. Qualitative data Qualitative data are the data that records a quality of variables. It measures the number that cannot be measured by numerical scale. Qualitative data can be classified by mode of categories e.g. Brand of shoes i.e. Nike, Adidas e.t.c . Also it talks about color like yellow, black. Qualitative data also measure a gender like male or female Qualitative data is the data that records qualities e.g. black color, yellow color, tall men

10. Population and Sample Population and sample are two basic concepts of statistics. Population can be characterized as the set of individual persons or objects in which an investigator is primarily interested during his or her research problem.

11. Population in Statistics Definition of Population in Statistics Population is the fundamental to the study of statistics. One such term, which is always in the background of any statistics problem, is a population. It is crucial to understand who or what comprises a statistical population. Population is the collection of all individuals or items under consideration in a statistical study. (Weiss, 1999)

12. Statistical Population Generally, population consists of everything or everyone being studied.  Populations can be large in size, although this is not necessary. What is important is that, a population includes all of what we are curious about.

13. Statistical Population Examples To make the concept of a population clear, we will look at a few examples: If we want to know the  mean  weight of all 20 year men students in the class then the population is all men who are 20 years old in the class. If we want to determine the mean I.Q. score of all ten year old students in the class, then the population is all ten year old who are in the class.

14. Population Sample Statistical Samples/Population Sample Population sample is a subset of measurements selected from the whole population. It is selected randomly, and this way of sampling is known as “random sampling ” Sample is that part of the population from which information is collected. (Weiss, 1999)

15. Population sample Rather than performing measurements on every member of the population, we only consider a subset of this population. This subset is called a  statistical sample . Measurements of the individuals in the sample tell us about corresponding measurements in the population .

16. Population sample Which subset should be chosen?  This becomes a very important question in the study of statistics.  But t here are a variety of different ways to select a sample,   many of the techniques of statistics assume that a specific type of sample, called a  simple random sample , has been selected from the population.

17. Population sample Generally, in  statistics  and quantitative research methodology, a data  sample  is a set of data collected and/or selected from a  statistical  population by a defined procedure. The elements of  sample  are known as  sample points,  sampling  units or observations.

18. Individual Assignment Question With examples, explain why do we study statistics and statistical data Instructions: Typed and justified It should be not less than ten (10) pages Line spacing 1.5 Font size 12 Use times New Roman Submission date 26 th April 2024