20240418-TOLA-CONCEPT OF CHARBAGsdsd.pptx

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1. Concept of [ PERSIAN GARDEN] Presentation by : Yatri Dangi & Shubham Kanbarkar SPA New Delhi , 2 nd Semester C H A R BAGH

2. INTRODUCTION Meaning of the word:  Persian  paradesion ,  pairi  meaning ‘around,’ and    desion    meaning  ‘to make’ or ‘form’ (a wall)  Bagh  in the Persian language (Farsi) means garden Philosophy: A mystical feeling for flowers and a love of gardens are integral parts of ancient Persian gardens. The Persian garden is a manifestation of supreme values and concepts and is well-known as a bridge connecting the two worlds of matter and meaning. The widely used Persian term  chahar   bagh  is believed to be based on Sura 55 of the sacred text which refers to rivers flowing under two gardens besides which lie another two different gardens. In Persian literature, the word garden derives from the word “ paridaiza ” which means “walled garden“  It has been summed up as a luminous and perfumed place, populated by number of angelical and beautiful creatures  ( Babaie  1997).

3. 500B.C - 600 B.C. Reconstruction of the Garden of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae. Gardens grace the ancient city of Pasargadae,  showcasing the deep Iranian connection to green spaces. Achaemenid, Sasanian Dynasties ( 6th century BC - 7th century AD ) Water art manifested itself in garden design, with greater emphasis on fountains and ponds in gardens. flowing water and fruit trees flourished Imaginative Pasargadae gardens reconstruction Image (Source: www.iransafar.co) A view of the gardens and outside of the Palace of Darius I of Persia in Persepolis. Source: wikipedia Arab Conquest (7th century AD): The “four gardens” concept ( Chahar  Bagh) emerges, inspired by the Quranic description of the Garden of Eden. Islamic expansion brings the Persian Garden to North Africa, Spain and Sicily. A schematic diagram of a persian garden, Four garden – Char Bagh Mongolian Invasion (13th century AD): Ornamental and decorative floral species add a touch of beauty brought by the Mongols Development of formal gardens The Persian Garden, Iran Safavid Dynasty (17th-18th centuries AD): Ornamental and decorative floral species add a touch of beauty brought by the Mongols Development of formal gardens Royal Garden of dasavid era Present time Nine Persian gardens stand as UNESCO world heritage sites. TIMELINE

4. EVOLUTION OF PERSIAN GARDEN The history of Persian gardens goes back to a few millennia before the emergence of Islam in Iran (Persia).  (Around 650 AD) Persian gardens are deeply influenced by and evolved from ancient Mesopotamian gardens. MESOPOTAMIAN INFLUENCES: Water Features Geometric Layouts PERSIAN INNOVATIONS: Chaharbagh (Fourfold Garden) Emphasis on Flowers and Trees Integration with Architecture:  ISLAMIC INFLUENCE: Gardens as Microcosms

5. PURPOSE OF PERSIAN GARDEN 1. Aesthetic and Recreational Pleasure: Garden created to provide a tranquil and visually pleasing environment for relaxation and enjoyment. 2. Symbolism and Philosophy: Elements like water, geometric patterns, plant chosen for their symbolic meanings. Often representing concepts like paradise, life, and eternity. 5. Climate Adaptation: Persian gardens are designed to adapt to climatic challenges. The presence of water features, such as fountains, channels, and pools, helps cool the surroundings and create a more hospitable microclimate. 4. Water Management & Conservation: Showcase advanced water management techniques, including qanats (underground channels) and windcatchers, designed to efficiently distribute and conserve water. 3. Spiritual and Religious Significance: Often associated with religious practices or used as places of contemplation and meditation. Preservation of Biodiversity: The gardens often feature a variety of plants, promoting ecological balance and attracting diverse wildlife

6. TYPES OF GARDENS REGIONAL GARDENS Regional gardens, green cluster could also contribute to protect the residential areas and farm lands from sand storms and unpleasant winds of the desert. Regional garden Courtyard Leisure garden Traditional gardens on Iran plateau can be found in three main groups: regional gardens, courtyard gardens and leisure gardens. COURTYARD Each house has its own private garden with fountains and trees. The courtyard houses had balconies to the garden and rarely have windows to the street. This type of design is more concerned with volume rather than mass. LEISURE GARDENS Leisure gardens, always separated from outdoor environment by high walls, belonged to higher levels of society for pleasure and political meetings.

7. Structure of Persian garden seems to be unsophisticated. The initial structure of Persian gardens was based on a geometrical quadripartite division with a pavilion in its intersection. During the Islamic period, the geometric quartered pattern of Persian garden became more reinforced by the belief of for heavenly streams Therefore, the general pattern of most Persian gardens consists of a rectangular space which is quartered by intersecting streams and pathways GEOMETRY AND PLANING OF THE LEISURE GARDEN Quadripartite structure with the water feature in the center PALACE TREES TREES TREES TREES WALKWAY WALKWAY WALKWAY WALKWAY PLANTS PLANTS PLANTS PLANTS FOUNTAIN FEATURES OF PERSIAN GARDENS Being enclosed Hierarchy Symmetry Centrality

8. Rectangular plans divided into square or pseudo-square shapes May slightly change in response to different climatic situations and in regard to the site opportunities and limitations PLAN 01 PLAN 02 PLAN 03 Ideal Char-Bagh with four water channels flowing from fountain in the center The four parts linked by bridges over the channels Only one arm of Char-Bagh has water channel Other three are free-lined paths Char-Bagh doesn't has four water channels It is from a famous Medresse in Isfahan, Iran GEOMETRY AND PLANING OF THE LEISURE GARDEN

9. The pathways are always perpendicular straight lines and coincident with the garden axes. The intersection of these main pathways usually defines the placement of the pavilion and pool, which were located on the main longitudinal axis of the garden. These straight networks surrounded by tall trees were able to provide a desirable perspective, defining the path from the entrance to the pavilion. These networks also facilitated the access to the plots of vegetation. CIRCULATION

10. Pavilions in Persian gardens are extroverted structures usually located at the intersection of axes with several viewpoints to the garden. Pavilions are the edifices where the residents or visitors live in and enjoy the garden. The location of the pavilion could split the garden into two to four directions. The location of pavilions could vary in different gardens. It could be located in the center of the garden or mostly it appeared in one third of the longitudinal axis, but it was always located at the intersection of the axes PAVILIONS IN PERSIAN GARDENS

11. The presence of water in Persian gardens has a dual application A functional application of irrigation besides and Ornamental and aesthetic purpose The pattern of Char- bagh is usually defined with the intersected water channels or streams. The streams usually had a sufficient slope to enable the irrigation system required for the garden Other than water channels, the front space of the pavilion was usually dedicated to a pond or large pool to reflect the image of the building and sky connecting the realm of the earthly to the heavenly. Garden builders utilized the slope of the land for running the water within channels, sometimes in the form of small waterfalls which performed aesthetically and also were able to act as an acoustic element throughout the garden. WATER CHANNEL NETWORK

12. VEGETATION The square or rectangular gardens of Persian design reflect a deep intertwining of practical irrigation needs, architectural harmony, and profound cultural and religious symbolism. Shade giving trees In the arid and hot climates typical of much of Iran and surrounding regions, these trees are not merely decorative elements but essential components that contribute to the microclimate, comfort, and beauty of the garden spaces. CRITERIA FOR TREES SELECTION Flowering and Fruit giving trees Many shade-giving trees in Persian gardens, such as pomegranate, fig, and citrus trees, are also fruit-bearing. This not only provides sustenance and resources for the garden's keepers but also integrates the practical aspects of gardening with its aesthetic and leisurely functions. Structural framework These trees often serve as a structural framework for the garden, defining spaces, guiding movement, and providing privacy. They help to structure the garden into different areas for various uses, from contemplation to social gatherings.

13. 1. Pasargadae 2. Bagh-e Eram 3. Bagh-e Chehel Sotun 4. Bagh-e Fin [Case study 01] 5. Bagh-e Abas Abad 6. Bagh-e Shahzadeh [Case study 02] 7. Bagh-e Dolat Abad 8. Bagh-e Pahlavanpur 9. Bagh-e Akbariyeh Persian gardens are a collection of nine gardens from various regions of Iran. CASE STUDIES

14. BAGH-E-FIN, Kashan, Iran [ CASE STUDY – 01 ]

15. CASE STUDY - 01 Fin Garden, also known as Bagh-e Fin, is a historic Persian garden located in the city of Kashan, Iran. Kashan is situated in the central part of Iran, approximately 240 kilometers (150 miles) south of the capital city, Tehran. The garden is located near the northern edge of the city, close to the foothills of the Karkas Mountains. The Fin Garden, also known as Bagh-e Fin in Persian, is a stunning historical Persian garden located in Kashan, Iran. The garden was originally established during the Safavid dynasty in the 16th century, and it was expanded and renovated during the Qajar era in the 19th century. The garden covers an area of about 57Acres (2.3 hectares) and is divided into four main sections: the central courtyard, the pavilion, the pool, and the surrounding garden. It's considered one of the most important Persian gardens and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012. INTRODUCTION

16. MASTER PLAN (1) Garden gate; (2) Safavid or central pavilion; (3) Shahneshin or main hall; (4) three-door rooms; (5) Qajar palace, including a ṣuffa (roofed platform), and (6) a pavilion connected to the ṣuffa; (7) Čishma-yi Zanāna or Womens pool (8) Safavid baths; (9) Qajar baths; (10) main avenue, including the median walk P1 and sidewalks P2 and P3; (11) main pool; (12) long pool; (13) bubbling pool; (14) latitudinal avenue; (15) paths surrounding the entire green zone; (16) Maẓharkhāna; (17) Karīm Khan's private house; (18) remains of a Qajar private house; (19) library; (20) open space opposite the central pavilion; (21) longitudinal avenue in front of the Qajar palace; (22) museum.

17. AXIS The structure of Fin Garden is extended form of chahar-bagh in a series of squares and rectangles with a pavilion and square basin in the center. The water axes defining the chahar-bagh include a main one which leads the user from the entrance gateway to the central pavilion and a secondary one with a turquoise-tiled water

18. CIRCULATION AND NODE

19. EDGE Wall behind fin garden Ramparts fin garden Wall of historical fin garden Aerial view of historical fin garden Enclosure and Privacy : It encloses the garden, creating a distinct boundary between the arid external environment and the lush, verdant space within. Climate Control : The walls provide protection from hot winds and dust, reduce evaporation, and help to cool the air, making the garden a comfortable refuge even during the hottest months. Security : Historically, garden walls also provided security, protecting the garden and its visitors from potential external threats and ensuring the safety of the plants and architectural features within.

20. VEGETATION Tall trees are planted along its pathways. The tall trees and the abundance of water are in contrast to the hot desert surrounding the garden. A view of natural environment of Fin garden, Kashan. Tall cypresses provide shades for most of the garden. The shrub roses, grass and violet flowers intensified the natural beauty of the garden. Trees Cyprus Poplar Plane Fig Flowering plants Lilies Eglantine Jasmine Violets Tulips Quince Pomeogranate Mulberry Salix KEY POINTS : Provide shade, yield, ornamentation, colour and scent

21. The Hierarchy of Water Presence in the Garden The presence of water in the garden has three steps: First step is entry of water into the garden where it irrigates trees and plants and creates freshness in the space and from the symbolic aspect Second step is presence of water in the garden where water flows in paths where it remains still in ponds and fountains, rises above the water of sags and fountains and manifests with movement etc Last step is exit of water from garden it goes to the city, farms or other gardens , moves toward the destination as river or stream or in underground using special channels and using water pipes. WATER CHANNEL NETWORK KEY POINTS : dynamism, linear compositional element, water transfer, irrigation, linkage and separation, visual axis Waterbody in the main hall Long pool Main pool Waterbody in the main hall

22. LANDMARK A B G C D E F A - Entrance building of fin garden E - Library building of fin garden D - Museum building of fin garden G - Pool house of fin garden A - Entrance building B - Family quarters (Andarun) C- Pavilion built on the foundations of a pavilion from the Safavid period D - Khalvat-e Karim Khan (now a museum) E- Bubbling basin (Howz Jushan) that receives the first water from the spring of Fin F - Pavilion (Talar) G - Bathhouse (Hammam)

23. BAGH-E SHAHZADEH, Mahan [ CASE STUDY – 02 ]

24. LOCATION: 35 km  of Kerman city , 6 km from Mahan Town GARDEN AREA: 5.5 hectares The garden stands on a vast, open terrain which is encircled by far-off mountains on two sides northern skirts of  Jupar mountain peak and   western skirt of Pulvar     mountain   High  Jupar  mountains provide an eye-catching background landscape for the garden Aerial view of Bagh-e-Shahzadeh  Map of Iran showing Kerman city Map showing bagh -e-Shahzadeh N Mahan Town INTRODUCTION

25. Aerial view of Shahzadeh-Mahan Garden in the middle of desert, Kerman, (ICHHTO The Office of Cultural Heritage of Iranian Cultural Heritage 2010) Entrance Upper pavilion Basin Cascading water Upper pavilion Entrance The great length of this garden compared to other gardens intensifies visual excitement by deepening the perspective. Area: : 5.5 hectares | Dimensions: 407m X 122m Plan Section GARDEN PLAN

26. AXIS  CIRCULATION                       DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS

27. DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS Selection and arrangement of plants in Bagh-e Shahzadeh of Mahan plays a determining role on the garden identity. EDGES  LANDMARK

28. The ever-green and wind-breaking trees : needle-leaved trees such as: pines and cedars  Shadow-casting ( Adumbrant ) trees: Phyllode trees such as wild and canopy elms, ash trees, plane trees and aspen (white poplar). In addition to making shadows, these trees are resistant in local conditions. Decorative plants: such as decoration cedars of Piracanta, decorative Juniprrus Communis (mountain cedars) and Shirekhesht which produces small flowers during wintertime. Fruit trees are planted in Karts which create a beautiful colorful view from the upper chamber angle in fruiting seasons. REGULAR AND CALCULATED DESIGN PLANTS PLAY A DETERMINING ROLE ON THE GARDEN IDENTITY.  THESE PLANTS AND TREES INCLUDE: VEGETATION

29. VEGETATION Placement of plants in Garden Bagh- e- Shahzadeh Color changing in season, Bagh-e- Shahzade

30. Water, the vital source of life in this garden, arrives there through its upper section.  Main and subsidiary axes and flat Takhts (steps) are irrigated on a regular basis and hence, a rich and unique green field is generated within the gardens.  The water arriving to the garden is dispersed longitudinally so that karts and tree linings along walkways are irrigated.  At the same time, it uses sharp ground slope as a fundamental condition for Takht gardens and then it flows as a large stream through the primary middle axis of the garden and generates cascades and jets as the main quality element in Bagh-e Shahzadeh Direction of cascading water H.P. L.P. The main inner view:  water motion, basins and cascades  WATER

31. WATER The basin and fountain The system of Irrigation and water circulation in Persian gardens. (a) the view of terraced pools and streams of Shahzadeh-Mahan Garden. Photo by: Maite Elorza from Flickr; (b) The view of Central main pool of Chehelsotun garden. Photo by: Ninara from Flickr  a. b.