21-PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ADMINSTRATION LECTURE.pdf

Drug admin

1. PRINCIPLES OF
DRUG
ADMINISTRATION

2. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Medication
a substance
for diagnosis,
cure,
treatment,
relief or
prevention of
disease.
“drug”
Drug
any
substance
that alters
physiologic
function, with
the potential
of affecting
health.
Prescription
it is a written
direction for
the
preparation
and
administration
of a drug
Prescription
name
The name
given to a
drug before it
becomes
official

3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
•the name given to a drug by the
manufacturer. Also called trademark/
tradename (e.g. Pfizer, RiteMed)
Brand name
•the name after which the drug is
listed in one of the official name of
the publication
Official name
•the name which describes the
constituent of the drug precisely
Chemical name
•is the name assigned by the manufacturer,
which identifies the drugs active ingredient
that first develop the drug
Generic name

4. DEFINITION OF TERMS
the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms
Pharmacology
the study of dosage/ amount of drugs given in the
treatment of diseases
Posology
a person licensed to prepare and dispense drugs and to
make up prescriptions
Pharmacist
is the art of preparing, compounding and dispensing
drugs
Pharmacy
is a book containing list of products used in medicine,
with descriptions of the products , chemical tests for
determining identity and purity and formulas and
prescriptions
Pharmacopoeia

5. EFFECTS OF DRUGS
THERAPEUTIC
EFFECT
•desired effect.
Intended effect
why drugs are
prescribed
SIDE EFFECT
•secondary
effect.
Unintended
effect. Can be
predictable and
may be either
harmless or
potentially
harmful
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
•more severe
side effect.
Reaction of
drugs leading
to
discontinuation
of a drug.
SYNERGISTIC
EFFECT
•Is when 2
drugs increase
the action of 1
or more drugs.
Eg.
Probenecid-
blocks the
excretion of
penicillin.

6. EFFECTS OF DRUGS
•drug overdose. Deleterious effects of a drug
on an organism or tissue.Drug toxicity
•immunologic reaction to a drug (anaphylactic
reaction)Drug allergy
•Drug response in which large dose of drug is
needed to maintain therapeutic effectDrug tolerance
•Reaction of drugs to each other (can be beneficial or
harmful). It is a situation in which a substance (usually
anotherdrug) affects the activity of adrug when both are
administered together.
Drug interaction

7. EFFECTS OF DRUGS
Latrogenic disease
•disease caused
unintentionally by
medical therapy
Drug withdrawal
•is the group of
symptoms that occur
upon the abrupt
discontinuation or
decrease in intake of
medications or
recreationaldrugs.

8. EFFECTS OF DRUGS
Psychologic
dependence
-Emotional reliance on drug to maintain a sense of well
being accompanied by feelings of need or cravings for
that drug
Drug
habituation
-mild form of psychologic dependence. The person
develops the habit of taking the substance and feels
better after taking it.
*illicit drugs-street drugs, are those sold illegaly

9. INDICATIONS OF DRUGS
Drugs can be administered for these
purposes:
Diagnostics purposes (e.g. assessment of liver
function or diagnosis of myasthenia gravis)
Prophylaxis(e.g. heparin to prevent thrombosis or
antibiotics to prevent infection)
Therapeutic purposes (e.g. replacement of fluids or
vitamins, treatment of a specific disease)
Supportive purposes (to enable other treatments, such
as anesthesia)
Palliation of Pain and Cure (as in the case of
antibiotics, pain medications)

10. ROUTES FOR DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
•ORAL/ ENTERAL ROUTE
•TOPICAL/ PERCUTANEOUS ROUTE
•PARENTERAL ROUTE

11. ORAL ROUTE
ENTERAL ROUTE
•Administration of
drug through an
enteral tube
SUBLINGUAL
ADMINISTRATION
•Placing drug
under the tongue
BUCCAL
ADMINISTRATION
•Placing drug
between cheek
and gums

12. TOPICAL/ PERCUTANEOUS ROUTE
Dermatologic preparations
•Applied to the skin
Instillations and irrigations
•applied into body cavities or orifices such as urinary bladder,
eyes, ears, nose, rectum, vagina
Inhalation
•administered into RT by a nebulizer or positive pressure
breathing apparatus

13. PARENTERAL ROUTE
Intradermal injection
•-under the epidermis
Subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection
•-into the subcutaneous tissue, just below the skin
Intramuscular injection
•-into the muscle
Intravenous injection
•-into the vein

14. PARENTERAL ROUTE
Intracardiac
injection
•Into the heart
Intrathecal/
Intraspinal injection
•Into the spinal canal
Intraosseous
injection
•Into the bones

23. ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A DRUG ORDER
•PAreDAdatingNADOwFRomROmblonang NUdaySIgphy

24. SAMPLE DRUG ORDER

25. SAMPLE DRUG ORDER

27. FACTORS AFFECTING MEDICATION
ACTION
Developmental
factors
Gender
Cultural &
Ethnic factor
Genetic Factor
Nutrition and
Diet
Environment
Psychologic
Factors
Illness And
Disease
Time Of
Administration

29. Commonly Used AbbreviationABBREVIATION LATIN ENGLISH

a.c. ante cebum Before meals
ad.Lib ad libitum As desired
ADL Activity of daily living
Ax axillary
Bid Bis in die Twice a day/ two times a day
BMR Basal metabolic rate
BP Blood pressure
c.c cum with
Cap capsula capsule
Gtt Gutta drop

30. Commonly Used Abbreviationmcggt microdrop
h.s. Hora somni Hour of sleep
IM intramuscular
IV intravenous
Od Omni die Once a day
OD Oculus dexter Right eye
OS Oculus sinister Left eye
OU Oculus uterque Both eyes
o.m. Omni mane Every morning
p.c. Post cebum After meals
p.o. Per orem By mouth
p.r.n. Pro re nata As necessary
q.h. Quaque hora Every hour
q.i.d. Quarter in die Four times a day
s.s. sine without
s.c. Sub cutem subcutaneously
ss semis One-half
Stat statim Immediately
Tid Ter in die Three times a day

31. COMMON HOUSEHOLD MEASUREMENTS
COMMON HOUSEHOLD
MEASUREMENTS
Equivalent
1 quart 4 cups
1 pint 2 cups
1 cup 8 ounces
1 teacup 6 ounces
1 tablespoon (tbsp.) 3 tsp.; 15-16 ml
1 teaspoon (tsp) 60 gtts; 4-5 ml
1 ounce 30 ml

32. COMMON HOUSEHOLD MEASUREMENT
APOTHECARY
MEASUREMENT
Equivalent
50 minims 1 fluifdram
3 fluidram or 480 minims1 fluidounce
16 fluidounces 1 pint (pt.)
2 pints 1 quart (qt.)
4 quarts 1 gallon

33. Common Household Measurement
METRIC MEASUREMENT Equivalent
Units of volume (Liter –L)
1 ml (millimeter)
.001 L (1/1,000)
1 cl (centiliter) .01 L (1/100)
1 dl (deciliter) .1 L (1/10)
1 decaliter 10 L

34. Common Household Measurement
Units of weight( Gram –G or gm.)
1 mcg. (microgram)
.000001 G (1/1,000,000)
1 mg. (milligram) .001 G (1/1,0000)
1 cg (centigram) .01 G (1/100)
1 dg. (decigram) .1 G (1/10)
1 kg. (kilogram) 1,000 G
Units of Length( meter –m)
1 mm. (millimeter) .001 m. (1/1,000)
1 cm. (centimeter) .01 m. ( 1/100 )
1 dm (decimeter) .1 m. ( 1/10)
1 hectometer 100 meters

35. Common Household Measurement
OTHER IMPORTANT UNIT EQUIVALENT
1 G (gram) 15 gr.
1 gr. ( grain ) 60 mg
1 mg. ( milligram) 1,000 mcg.
1 ml ( milliliter) 1 cc.; 15 gtts.; 60 mcgtts.; 1G
1 L (liter) 1 qt.; 1,000 mls.
1 gal. (gallon ) 4 L.; 4 qt.; 4,000 mls.
1 oz. (ounce) 30 G.; 30 mls.; 30 cc
1 kg. (kilogram) 2.2 lbs.
1 lbs. (pound) 16 oz.

36. 1.Oral medications: Solids
Quantity of Drug = Desired dose(D/S = Q)
Stock dose
COMPUTATION OF DOSAGE OF MEDICATIONS

37. COMPUTATION OF DOSAGE OF MEDICATIONS
2. Oral /Parenteral Medications: Liquids
Quantity of Drug = Desired dosex dilution ( D/S x Dilution)
Stock dose

38. COMPUTATION OF DOSAGE OF MEDICATION
3. IV rate :
a.gtts/min = volume in cc x gtt. Factor
No. of hours x 60
b. cc/hr = volume in ccor gtts/min. x 4
no. of hours
c. Duration in hours = volume in cc
cc/hr.

39. CONVERTION OF TEMPERATURE
A. °Celsius to °Fahrenheit
°F = (C x 9/5) + 32
B. °Fahrenheit to °Celsius
°C= ( F -32 ) / (5/9)

40. COMPUTATION OF DOSAGE OF MEDICATION
PEDIATRIC DOSE
A. Clark’s Rule
Safe Child’s dose = wt. in lbs. x Usual adult dose
150
B. Freid’sRule
Safe Child’s dose = age in monthx Usual adult dose
150
C. Young’s Rule
Safe Child’s dose = age in yearsx Usual adult dose
Age in years + 12

41. COMPUTATION OF DOSAGE OF MEDICATION

42. COMPUTATION OF DOSAGE OF MEDICATION

43. COMPUTATION OF DOSAGE OF MEDICATION

44. COMPUTATION OF DOSAGE OF MEDICATION

45. FORMAT FOR
FINAL
PROJECT
REQUIRE-
MENTS
Collect at least
10 sample drug
medications