2180602_H-AE_GTU_Study_Material_e-Notes_Lecture-6_03022020060908PM.pptx

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1. Dock, Harbour and Airport Engg. (2180602) Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology Harbour & Airport Engineering (2180602) Ujjval J Solanki [email protected] Chapter 4 Lect. -1 Civil Engg . Deptt ,

2. Airport Syllabus Topics General Authority working in the Airport Engineering Component of aircraft Aircraft characteristics Airport Planning Runway Design Taxiway Design + Apron + Hangers Terminal Area Design Grading and Design Air Traffic Control and Visual Aids

3. Taxiway Design– Chapter-4 syllabus content Taxiway Design: Taxiway design Controlling factors, taxiway geometric elements, layout , exit taxiway , location and geometrics Holding apron, turnaround facility, Aprons -locations, size, gate positions, Aircraft parking configurations and parking systems Hanger-site selection, planning and design considerations, Fuel storage area Blast pads wind direction indicator

4. GTU Question asked from chapter 4….Theory 1 Dis c uss p a rking s y stem of a ir c r a ft on a ir f ield. D r a w n ea t sk e t c h e s of v a r ious p a rking c onf i g u r a t i on of a ir c r a ft. NOV-18 07 2 What i s c l ea r w ay and s t o p w a y ? MAY-18 03 3 D e s c ribe v a rious a i r c raft p a rking s y s t e ms with Figur e s . MAY-18 07 4 E x plain a ir c r a ft p a rki n g s y stems with n ea t sk e t c h e s with a dv a nt a g e s a n d disadv a nt a g e s. NOV-17 04 5 E x plain e x it t a x iw a y a nd hold i ng a pron. NOV-17 04 6 W h a t is the fun c t i on of a h a n g e r? E x plain the N o se h a n g e rs a nd T h a n g e r s with ne a t sket c h. NOV-17 04 7 W h a t is the fun c t i o n of a h a n g e r? E x plain the Nose h a n g e rs a nd T h a n g e rs with ne a t sket c h. MAY-17 07 8 W h a t is the fun c t i on of ta x iw a y in a irpo r t? E x plain e x it ta x iw a y a nd hold i ng a pron. MAY-17 07 9 W h a t is the fun c t i on of ta x iw a y in a irpo r ts? D ra w c ross s ec t i on of ta x iw a y showing a ll c omponents. OCT-16 07 10 E x plain the t e rms : I ) F u e l s t or ag e a re a . II ) H old i ng a pron. OCT-16 07 11 D e f i n e ( 1) S to pw a y ( 2) R E S A ( 3) H a n g e r ( 4) A T C ( 5) T a x i w a y ( 6) A p r o n ( 7) T h r e s h o l d MAY-16 07

5. Examples asked in GTU Exam 1 D e te r m i ne the turni n g r a dius of ta x iw a y for a n a ir c r a ft with a w h ee l b a se of 30m. Tr ea d of main loading g e a r is 6 m . D e si g n turning sp ee d is 50kmph. W id t h of ta x iw a y p a v e m e nt is 22.5m . Assume c o e f f ic i e nt of f r iction b e tw ee n t y re a nd p a v e ment sur f ac e a s 0.1 3 m. NOV-18 07 2 D e te r m i ne turni n g r a di u s of ta x iw a y if the s p e e d of a i r c raft is 93km / hour a nd c o e f fi c i e nt of f ri c t i on is 0.13. MAY-18 03

6. Airport layout…..Focus of taxiway Operational area

7. Factors Controlling Taxiway Layout Function of Taxiway : Provide access to the aircraft from the runway to the loading apron or service hanger and back Factors controlling taxiway layout Taxiway so arranged that it do not interfere with aircraft taking for take-off At busy airport taxiway should be located at various points along the runway so that landing aircraft leaves the runway as early as possible…such taxiways are called exit taxiway Intersection of taxiway and runway should be avoided Route of taxiway should be shortest from apron to runway Exit texi way should be designed for high turn off speed, this will reduce runway occupancy time 1 1 1 1 1

8. Geometric Design standards of taxiway Geometric design is a function of speed, as speed of aircraft on runway is much lower than runway so design standards are not rigid Elements to be designed Length of taxiway Width of taxiway Width of safety area Longitudinal gradient Transverse gradient Rate of change of longitudinal gradient Sight distance Turning radius

9. Length and width of taxiway Length : Minimum as possible as …not specified by ICAO Width, Transverse and longitudinal grade specified as per class of airport Classification as per ICAO Taxiway width (m) Maximum longitudinal gradient Maximum Transverse gradient Maximum rate of change of longitudinal gradient per 30 mt IN % Safety area width A 22.5 1.5 1.5 % 1.0 % Turfed or paved shoulders are not mandatory but are suggested B 22.5 1.5 C 15 3.0 D 9.9 3.0 2.0 % 1.2 % E 7.5 3.0 11 11 11 11

10. Taxiway…cross-section

11. Taxiway : Sight distance Speed of aircraft much lesser so sight distance required very small ICAO suggest surface of visible shall be visible from 3m height from a distance of 300 m for A,B,C type and 250 m visible from 2.1 m height for D and E type airports. Turning radius Horizontal curve is provided, Circular curve with large radius V = speed of aircraft in KMPH, Coefficient of friction = 0.13 Large subsonic aircraft min. radius = 120 m. For supersonic aircrafts radius = 180 m.  

12. Problem 1…. May-2018 (3) D e te r m i ne turni n g r a di u s of ta x iw a y if the s p e e d of a i r c raft is 93km / hour a nd c o e f fi c i e nt of f ri c t i on is 0.13. Solution: Speed –V = 93 KMPH c o e f fi c i e nt of f ri c t i on -f = 0.13. Answer  

13. Turning radius.. As per Horonjrff concept As per Horonjrff * Radius equal to   R = radius of taxiway in m W = Wheel base of aircraft in m T = Width of taxiway pavement in m S = Distance between midway point of main gear and edge of taxiway pavement W S T

14. Problem 2 …..Nov-2017..(7 Marks) D e te r m i ne the turni n g r a dius of ta x iw a y for a n a ir c r a ft with a w h ee l b a se of 30m. Tr ea d of main loading g e a r is 6 m . D e si g n turning sp ee d is 50kmph. W id t h of ta x iw a y p a v e m e nt is 22.5m . Assume c o e f f ic i e nt of f r iction b e tw ee n t y re a nd p a v e ment sur f ac e a s 0.1 3 m . Solution : Data Given Wheel base – W = 30 m. Tread of main loading gear- = 6 m. Speed of aircraft –V = 50 KMPH Pavement width-T = 22.5 m. Coefficient of friction – f = 0.13 S = 6+   Fix value

15. Problem 2 …..Nov-2017..(7 Marks) ( i ) Turning radius (ii) As per Horonjeff equation     W = 30 m T = 22.5 m S = Distance between midway point of main gear and edge of taxiway pavement S =   = 155.5 m   Consider highest of ( i ) and (ii) Higher is (ii) - Radius R= 155.5 m…….Answer

16. Problem 3 A taxiway is to be designed for Hirasar –International airport site -Rajkot. The aircraft Boing 707-320 has the following characteristics. Determine the turning radius of taxiway. Manufacturer has suggested R = 120 m. Consider class A airport. Wheel base : 17.70 m Tread of main loading gear : 6.62 m Turning speed : 40 KMPH Coefficient of friction f = 0.13 , Assume width of taxiway = 6.0 m Solution :( i ) Turning radius As per Horonjeff equation………….Next slide  

17. Problem 3 (ii) As per Horonjeff equation (iii) As specified by manufacturer is 120 m Select maximum of above three cases….R = 120 m……Answer   W = Wheel base of aircraft in m =17.70 T = Width of taxiway pavement in m = 22.5 m S = Distance between midway point of main gear and edge of taxiway pavement S = 6.0 + = 6.0 +    

18. Exit Taxiway Location of Exit Taxiways To fix the location of taxiway following factors are considered Number of taxiway Exit speed Weather condition Topographical features Pilot variability

19. Exit taxiway joining runway with parallel taxiway Department of Civil Engineering, DIET-RAJKOT 2/2/2020 19 Stopping Distance

20. Exit Taxiway

21. Apron It is a paved area for parking of aircrafts, loading and unloading of passenger and cargo Holding Apron A defined area where aircraft can be held, or by passed, to facilitate efficient surface movement of aircraft Known as run-up or warm-up pads

22. Apron…. Holding apron…Turnaround taxiway Now, in the case of smaller airports, the air traffic may not be sufficient to justify the construction of parallel runways So , in those cases, then what we provide is the turnaround taxiway , where the taxiing is done on the runway itself and a turnaround is provided at the end of the runway strip. So , that is the condition which is termed as the turnaround taxiway. These also serve the purpose of holding apron

23. Apron…. Holding apron…Turnaround taxiway

24. Airport layout…..Focus of Apron, Holding apron Operational area

25. Gate The term gate is used to denote an aircraft parking space adjacent to a terminal building and used by a single aircraft for the loading and unloading of passenger, baggage and mail. SIZE OF APRON DEPENDS UPON: Size of loading area required for each aircraft. This area is also known as gate position Number of gate position Aircraft parking system

26. Basic Aircraft parking configuration Nose-in Angle Nose-in Nose-out Angle Nose-out Parallel

27. Basic Aircraft parking configuration Basic Aircraft parking configuration…..summary Nose-in Angled Nose-in Nose-out Angled Nose-out Parallel

28. Aircraft Parking System Aircraft can be grouped adjacent to terminal building in following ways Frontal system Open apron system Finger system Satellite system

29. Aircraft Parking System Frontal system Open apron system Open Apron System Frontal System

30. Aircraft Parking System Finger System…..Three types 1. T- Shape 2. Y- Shape 3. Straight

31. Aircraft Parking System Satellite system

32. Aircraft Parking System Satellite system

33. Hanger The primary function of a hanger is to provide enclosure for servicing, overhauling and doing repairs of the aircrafts

34. Hanger S ite Location Requirement of suitable hanger as below Convenient road access from the site to the apron and terminal building Easy installation of utilities such as electricity, telephone, water supply and sewer Reasonably proximity to loading apron Good natural drainage Sufficient space for future expansion

35. Hanger – General planning consideration Shape of a hanger should be such that it covers the minimum land area Shall provide adequate space for storage and comfortable maneuvering of aircrafts For small aircrafts T shaped hanger is the most desirable and economical design For big aircraft nose hangers are provided