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1. Zoonotic Diseases

2. Contents Definition Aetiological agent Terminology Categories List of zoonoses (viral, bacterial, fungal,parasitical ) Mode of transmission Epidemiology Prevention and control

3. Defining Zoonoses From the Greek: Zoon : Animal Noson : Disease An Infection or Infectious Disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to man.

4. Categories Direct zoonoses : Transmitted from an infected vertebrate host to a susceptible vertebrate host by direct contact eg . Rabies, trichinosis and brucellosis. Cyclo-zoonoses : Require more than one vertebrate host species, but no invertebrate host , in order to complete the developmental cycle of the agent . Eg . Taeniases , echinococosis , Metazoonoses : Transmitted biologically by invertebrate vectors eg . Arbovirus , palgue and schistomiasis . Sapro-zoonosis : Have both vertebrate host and a non animal developmental site or reservior eg . larva migrants and mycoses

5. LIST OF ZOONOSES BACTERIAL INFECTION Anthrax Herbivores, pigs Brucellosis Cattle, sheep, goat, camels, pigs, dogs, horses Ornithosis Wild and domestic animals Q fever Cattle , sheep, goat, wild animals Leptospirosis Rodents, mammals Tuberculosis Cattle , sheep, goat Plague Rodent

6. VIRAL INFECTION Cow pox Cattle Monkey pox Monkey, rodents Eastern equine encephalitis Horses, Rodents Rose river fever Horses, cattle, goats, sheep, dogs, rats Yellow fever Monkeys Japanese encephalitis Wild birds Lassa fever Rat Rabies Dog, fox, jackal

7. PROTOZOAN & HELMENTHIC INFECTION Leishmaniasis Dogs, cats, swine Toxoplasmosis Cats, mammals, birds Trypanosomiasis cattle Babesesiosis cattle Clonorchiasis Dogs, cats, swine, wild mammals, fish Fasciolopsis Swine, dogs Schistosmiasis Rodents Echinococcosis Dogs, wild carnivores Taeniasis cattle Trichinellosis Swine, rodents, marine mammals

8. How are diseases transmitted to man? Contact with animals Inhalation Arthropod intermediates Handling carcasses By-products (feces/urine) Scratches or bites Ingestion of contaminated milk Contaminated meat Contaminated soil

9. Rabies Reservoir: Bat, Cat, Dog Agent : Virus Transmission: Saliva of infected animals Human symptoms: Seizures, paralysis, fever

10. Control of Rabies Animal Notify the authorities of any suspicious case Awareness creation Control dog populations; all un-confined animals may be killed Confine and observe suspect animal for 14 days; Once signs and symptoms of rabies start, there is no treatment Mass vaccination of all domestic carnivores and keep vaccination records Maintain documentation of animal disposition and location Human Notify the authorities If bitten/scratched by an animal, clean the wound and seek medical advice Immunisation as soon as possible after suspect contact with an animal can prevent rabies in 100% of cases Once signs and symptoms of rabies start, there is no cure

11. Plague An acute disease of animals and humans caused by a bacteria transmitted from small animals to humans by the bite of infected fleas Occurs world wide but with focal distribution depending on presence of rats and infected fleas in defined geographical areas Transmitted between animals and humans by the bite of infected fleas, direct contact, inhalation and rarely, ingestion of infective materials

12. Prevention and control of Plague Cases Early diagnosis Treatment Notification Isolation in the of the cases Community level Flea control Rat Control Hygiene Surveillance Awareness creation Preventive antibiotic therapy

13. Ebola A highly virulent viral hemorrhagic fever that is often fatal in man and other primates Source : Monkeys and Chimpanzees are the common source; bats are the suspected as reservoir Transmission:- Direct contact with the blood, body fluids and tissues of infected persons Handling, eating sick or dead infected wild animals (chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, forest antelope, fruit bats)

14. Toxoplasmosis Reservoir: Pigs, Cats, Rats, Deer, Lamb Agent: A single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii Transmission: Touching infected cat feces, eating undercooked meat, contaminated water drinking Human symptoms: Flu like symptoms

15. Epidemiology

16. Zoonoses : Common Disease Frequency: CDC(2003) Salmonella- 39919 Lyme Disease- 18991 West Nile- 2862 Trichinosis- 4

17. Spectrum of Disease Severity Death - Rabies Severe illness- Plague Chronic illness - Q- fever Mild illness- Pisttacosis

18.  A recent report found that over a 64 year, Zoonoses account for 60% of emerging infectious diseases, the majority of which (72%) originate in wildlife.

19. Salmonella and Campylobacter account for over 90% of all reported cases of bacteria-related food poisoning world-wide Salmonella enteritidis caused a pandemic in both poultry and humans during the latter half of the 20th Century Verocytotoxin -producing Escherichia coli O157 (VTEC O157) also emerged as a major food-borne zoonotic pathogen in the 1980s and 1990s. 1996- E. coli o157 : H7- 10,000 cases in Japan. Clinical disease is often severe, with a significant mortality rate among the young and elderly.

20. Prevention and Control

21. Assure an uncontaminated water supply Chlorination of water Connect to water supply Appropriate disposal of wastes

22. Prevent food contamination Avoid unpasteurized milk Wash hands Disinfect kitchen surfaces Wash fruits and vegetables Use separate utensils for raw/cooked meat

23. Cooking guidelines Avoid foods with partially cooked eggs Cook meats until juices are clear Poultry – internal temp of 180 degrees Beef – internal temp of 160 degrees

24. Always drink pasteurized milk!

25. Avoid contact with diseased animals Dispose off carcasses properly Wear appropriate clothing and gloves Wash hands afterwards

26. Prevent Tick bites Apply repellent Wear appropriate clothing Long-sleeved shirt Check yourself and pets after being in a tick-infested area

27. Definition Aetiological agent Terminology Catergories List of zoonoses (viral, bacterial, fungal, ricketsial , parasitical) Mode of transmission Epidemiology Prevention and control

28. Thank you