3.abdominal trauma (1).pptx notes

student notes

1. Management of abdominal trauma

2. Classification Penetrating abd trauma Blunt abd trauma

3. Classification and mechanisms cont.. Penetrating abdominal trauma Typically involves the violation of the abdominal cavity by stab wound or gsw Stabbing 3x more common than firearm wounds GSW cause 90% of the deaths Most commonly injured organs: small intestine > colon > liver Death from refractory haemorrhagic shock or exsanguination in the first 24hrs remain the commonest cause of mortality

4. Blunt Abdominal Trauma Greater mortality than PAT (more difficult to diagnose, commonly associated with trauma to multiple organs/systems) Most commonly injured organs: spleen > liver, intestine is the most likely hollow viscus . Most common causes: MVA (50 - 75% of cases) > blows to abdomen (15%) > falls (6 - 9%) Rupture or burst injury of a hollow organ by sudden rises in intra-abdominal pressures Crushing effect Acceleration and deceleration forces → shear injury Seat belt injuries “seat belt sign” = highly correlated with intraperitoneal injury

5. Pathophysiology of injury Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Stab Wounds Knives, screw drivers, pens, coat hangers, broken bottles Liver, small bowel, spleen Gunshot wounds small bowel, colon and liver Often multiple organ injuries, bowel perforations Other low velocity missiles- arrows,spears

6. Initial assessment for penetrating abdominal trauma Initial resuscitation and management based on ATLS protocols PHYSICAL S/S:Generally unreliable due to distracting injury, unconscious pt ,acute alcoholic intoxication and spinal cord injury Look for signs of intraperitoneal injury abdominal tenderness, peritoneal irritation, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hypovolemia , hypotension entrance and exit wounds to determine path of injury. Distention - pneumoperitoneum , gastric dilation, or ileus Ecchymosis of flanks (Gray-Turner sign) or umbilicus (Cullen's sign) - retroperitoneal hemorrhage Abdominal contusions – eg lap belts ↓bowel sounds suggests intraperitoneal injuries DRE: blood or subcutaneous emphysema

7. Diagnostic studies Lab tests: not very helpful Do FHG, U/E/Cs, LFTs, lipase, tox screen Hct -serial to monitor ongoing haemorrhage , interpret with hypotension and ongoing iv fluids in mind Wbc -non specific-may be due to perforated viscus or acute stress response Elevated lipase-suspect pancreatic injury, collaborate with CT ABGs - Lactate and base deficit – degree of haemorrhagic shock Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, 7 th ed. 2009

8. Imaging Plain films: fractures – nearby visceral damage free intraperitoneal air Foreign bodies and missiles Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, 7 th ed. 2009

9. Imaging CT Accurate for solid visceral lesions and intraperitoneal hemorrhage guide nonoperative management of solid organ damage IV not oral contrast Disadvantages : insensitive for injury of the pancreas, diaphragm, small bowel, and mesentery Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, 7 th ed. 2009

10. Imaging Angiography To embolize bleeding vessels or solid visceral hemorrhage from blunt trauma in an unstable pt Rarely for diagnosing intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal hemorrhage after penetrating abdominal trauma Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, 7 th ed. 2009

11. FAST Focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) To diagnose free intraperitoneal blood after blunt trauma 4 areas: Perihepatic & hepato -renal space (Morrison’s pouch) Perisplenic Pelvis (Pouch of Douglas/ rectovesical pouch) Pericardium sensitivity 60 to 95% for detecting 100 mL - 500 mL of fluid Extended FAST (E-FAST): Add thoracic windows to look for pneumothorax and pericardial tamponade Trauma.org Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, 7 th ed. 2009

12. Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage Largely replaced by FAST and CT In blunt trauma, used to triage pt who is HD unstable and has multiple injuries with an equivocal FAST examination In stab wounds, for immediate dx of hemoperitoneum, determination of intraperitoneal organ injury, and detection of isolated diaphragm injury In GSW, not used much Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, 7 th ed. 2009

13. Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage Indications for DPL in blunt trauma: Hypotension with evidence of abdominal injury Multiple injuries and unexplained shock Potential abdominal injury in patients who are unconscious , intoxicated , or paraplegic Equivocal physical findings in patients who have sustained high- energy forces to the torso Potential abdominal injury in patients who will undergo prolonged general anesthesia for another injury , making continued reevaluation of the abdomen impractical or impossible

14. Contraindications of DPL Absolute : Peritonitis Injured diaphragm Extraluminal air by x-ray Significant intraabdominal injury by CT scan Intraperitoneal perforation of the bladder by cystography Relative : Previous abdominal operations (because of adhesions) Morbid obesity Gravid Uterus Advanced cirrhosis (because of portal hypertension and the risk of bleeding) Preexisting coagulopathy

15. Evaluation of DPL Fluid is sent for: cell count, amylase, alk phos, presence of bile Index Positive value Aspirate Blood >10 mL Fluid Enteric content Lavage RBC > 100,000/mL WBC > 500/mL Amylase >175 U/dL Alk Phos > 3 IU Bile Confirmed Negative RBC < 50,000/mL WBC < 100/mL Amylase < 75 U/dL

16. Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage RBC Count Incidence of visceral damage >100,000 95% 20,000-100,000 15-25% Warrant further investigation <20,000 < 5% Complications of DPL: Perforation of small bowel, mesentery, bladder and retroperitoneal vascular structures. Limitation: offers no information about status of retroperitoneal organs nor allow determination of which organ has been injured.

17. Local Wound Exploration To determine the depth of penetration in stab wounds If peritoneum is violated, must do more diagnostics Prep, extend wound, carefully examine (No blind probing) Indicated for anterior abdominal stab wounds, less clear for other areas Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, 7 th ed. 2009

18. Laparoscopy Most useful to eval penetrating wounds to thoracoabdominal region in stable pt esp for diaphragm injury: Sens 87.5%, specificity 100% Can repair organs via the laparoscope diaphragm, solid viscera, stomach, small bowel. Disadvantages: poor sensitivity for hollow visceral injury, retroperitoneum Complications from trocar misplacement. If diaphragm injury, PTX during insufflation Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, 7 th ed. 2009

19. Management General trauma principles: airway management, 2 large bore IVs, cover penetrating wounds and eviscerations with sterile dressings Prophylactic antibiotics: decrease risk of intra-abdominal sepsis due to intestinal perf/spillage ( eg zosyn (piperacillin / tazobactam) 3.375 g IV) In general, leave foreign bodies in and remove in the OR Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, 7 th ed. 2009

20. Management of penetrating abdominal trauma Mandatory laparotomy vs Selective nonoperative management Biffl et al. Management guidelines for penetrating abdominal trauma. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010;16:609-617

21. Management of Blunt abdominal trauma Clinical Indications for Laparotomy after Blunt Trauma MANIFESTATION PITFALL Unstable vital signs with strongly indicated abdominal injury Alternative sources, shock Unequivocal peritoneal irritation Unreliable Pneumoperitoneum Insensitive; may be due to cardiopulmonary source or invasive procedures (diagnostic peritoneal lavage, laparoscopy) Evidence of diaphragmatic injury Nonspecific Significant gastrointestinal bleeding Uncommon, unknown accuracy Rosen’s Emergency Medicine, 7 th ed. 2009

22. Damage Control Patients with major exsanguinating injuries may not survive complex procedures Control hemorrhage and contamination with abbreviated laparotomy followed by resuscitation prior to definitive repair Waibel et al. Damage control in trauma and abdominal sepsis. Crit Care Med 2010 38:S421-430

23. Damage Control 0. initial resuscitation 1. Control of hemorrhage and contamination Control injured vasculature, bleeding solid organs Abdominal packing 2. back to the ICU for resuscitation Correction of hypothermia, acidosis, coagulopathy 3. Definitive repair of injuries 4. Definitive closure of the abdomen Waibel et al. Damage control in trauma and abdominal sepsis. Crit Care Med 2010 38:S421-430

24. Damage Control Waibel et al. Damage control in trauma and abdominal sepsis. Crit Care Med 2010 38:S421-430

25. Damage Control Resuscitation in the ICU IVF (crystalloid, not colloid) Transfusion ?1:1:1 PRBC/ plt /FFP Recombinant activated factor VII Increased thromboembolic complications Rewarming if hypothermic Correction of metabolic abnormalities-electrolytes and acidosis Low tidal volume ventilation recommended (4-6 ml/kg) Waibel et al. Damage control in trauma and abdominal sepsis. Crit Care Med 2010 38:S421-430

26. Damage Control Open abdominal wounds and definitive closure 40-70% can’t have primary closure after definitive repair. Temporary closure methods Waibel et al. Damage control in trauma and abdominal sepsis. Crit Care Med 2010 38:S421-430

27. Conclusions Watch out for implements and missiles violating the abdomen Laparotomy is mandatory if shock, evisceration, or peritonitis Diagnostic studies used to determine need for laparotomy in PAT and BAT FAST is noninvasive, quick and accurate way to evaluate for intraperitoneal blood Damage Control is a principle of staged operative management with control and resuscitation prior to definitive repair Abdominal compartment syndrome is a common problem in abdominal trauma

28. Factors that favour colostomy vs repair Shock (preoperative BP < 80/60) Hemorrhage (blood loss > 1L) Multiorgan injury (>2 organ systems) Significant peritoneal soilage Delayed operation (>8 hrs post injury) Nonviable colon (wall destruction or ischemia) Major loss of abdominal wall (close range blast injury) Location of injury (distal vs. proximal to middle colic)

29. A 36-year-old man who was hit by a car presents to the ER with hypotension. On examination, he has tenderness and bruising over his left lateral chest below the nipple. An ultrasound examination is performed and reveals free fluid in the abdomen. What is the most likely organ to have been injured in this patient? a. Liver b. Kidney c. Spleen d. Intestine e. Pancreas

30. A 22-year-old woman who is 4 months pregnant presents after a motor vehicle collision complaining of abdominal pain and right leg pain. She has an obvious deformity of her right femur. She is hemodynamically stable. Which of the following is the best next step in her management? a. Observation with serial abdominal exams b. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage c. Plain film of the abdomen with a lead apron as a shield d. Focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) examination of the abdomen e. MRI of the abdomen

31. The patient shown in this chest x-ray film and contrast study was hospitalized after a car collision 2 days ago in which he suffered blunt trauma to the abdomen. He sustained several left rib fractures, but was hemodynamically stable. Which of the following is the appropriate next step in the patient’s management? a. Observation and serial abdominal exams b. Immediate left posterolateral thoracotomy and repair of the injury c. Immediate exploratory laparotomy and repair of the injury d. Delayed left posterolateral thoracotomy and repair of the injury e. Delayed exploratory laparotomy and repair of the injury

32. A 29-year-old woman was hit by a car while crossing the street. She is hemodynamically unstable with a heart rate of 124 beats per minute and a systolic blood pressure of 82/45 mm Hg. The ultrasound machine is broken, and therefore a diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) is performed. Which of the following findings on DPL is an indication for exploratory laparotomy in this patient? a. Aspiration of 5 cc of gross blood initially b. Greater than 50,000/ μL red blood cells (RBCs) c. Greater than 100,000/ μL RBCs d. Greater than 100/ μL white blood cells (WBCs) e. Greater than 250/ μL WBCs