3. Adharbhut Siddhanta of Bhaishajya kalpana ( Basic principle of BK.pptx

Ayurveda Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana

1. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BHAISHAJYA KALPANA Dr. Nishigandha Chaudhari Asst. Prof. (RSBK)

2. Every science will have its own set of 'basic principles'. They are the set of beliefs or doctrines, which guide us as we advance with the science. They are the base for the further theories in it. Significant ' ãdhārabhūta sidhänta's ' of 'Bhaişajya Kalpanā' may be listed out as below;

3. LIST OF BASIC PRINCIPLES 1. Paribhāsā (Definitions) 2. Dravya sangrahana and samrakşaņa (Drug collection and storage) 3. Anukta and viśeșokta grahana (Special considerations) 4. Rasa, guņa, virya, vipāka, prabhāva (Inherent properties of the drug) 5. Māna paribhāşā (Weights and measures)

4. 6. Pañcavidha kasäya kalpanā (Fundamental preparations) 7. Auşadha nāmakarana (Naming of the preparations) 8. Auşadha sevana-kāla (Dosage time) 9. Saviryată avadhi (Shelf life of preparations) 10. Auşadha- mātrā (Dosage) 11. Anupāna (Adjuvant)

5. 1. ifjHkk "kk fuxw < kuqDrys’kksDrlafnX / kkFkZiznhfidk A lqfuf 'prkFkZfocq / kS % ifjHkk"kk fux|rs AA fuxw < (Concealed) vuqDr (omitted) ys’kksDr (Unclear) lafnX /k (mystifying) vFkZ (meaning) lqfuf 'prkFkZ (Clear meaning)

6. The term paribhāsā means the definition given to any classical terminology to clarify its broader and clearer meaning. Every subject will have its own set of definitions; so do Âyurveda . Paribhāşā is defined in the classics as below; The paribhāşā is a statement that gives a clear and distinct meaning of a word or an expression. It clarifies the concealed ( nigüdha ), omitted ( anukta ), unclear ( leśokta ) and mystifying ( sandigdhartha ) meanings of a word or a verse in the classics.

7. 2. DRUG COLLECTION & STORAGE The therapeutic efficacy of any drug depends strongly on the methods followed for its collection and storage. Aim here will be to obtain the drug in its peak potency level. Points of significance during drug collection are as below: Time of drug collection Place of drug collection The stage of drug collection Method of drug collection Storage and preservation

8. I. TIME OF DRUG COLLECTION GENERAL RULES: ’ kj |f [ kydk;kZFkZa xzkáa ljlekS"k / ke ~ A fojsdoeukFkZa p olUrkUrs lekgjsr ~ AA General rules: Sarada rtu (Oct and Nov) is the best time for collection of herbs for all types of preparations. However, for the drugs of vamana and virechana the best time is ' vasanta rtu ' (Feb and March). ( Sä . Pra . Kha.1/59) Reason behind this is that the drugs collected in that particular season will posses the optimum potency level and prabhäva .

9. b. SPECIFIC TIME FOR SPECIFIC PLANT PART COLLECTION Ekwykfu f’kf’kjs xzh "es i =a o"kkZolUr;ks % A dUnkfu ’ kjfn { khja ; FkrZq dqlqea Qye ~ AA gseUrs lkjeks"k /;k x`àh;kr ~ dq’kyks fHk"kd ~ AA Many of our classics specify about the specific part of the drug to be collected in specific season. This indicates the authentic knowledge about the drug potency concentration in various parts of the plants

10. Examples Laghu or brhat pañcamüla Season of colllection sisira and grişma varsa and vasanta Part of the plant Müla (roots) shakk Patra (leaves) Kanda and ksira ( rizomes and milky exudate) Kusuma and phala Sära (essence) Hard wood varāhi kanda , mänakanda , vidārī kanda , sūranakanda sarada ete in their respective season hemanta khadira sära , babbula sara, amrta sāra , madhūka sāra etc

11. TIME OF THE DAY FOR DRUG COLLECTION x`àh;Rrkfu lqeuk % ’ kqfp % izkr % lqokljsAA It is indicated by many classical texts that the 'ausadha dravya' are to be collected in early morning hours. ( Sā . Pra . Kha.1/56) Perhaps at brāhma muhūrta kāla ' the yield and the potency of the drugs are expected to be more as it is the kapha kāla .

12. ABOUT COLLECTION OF PRANIJ DRAVYA t ³~xekuka o;% LFkkuka jDrjkseu [ kkfnde~A { khjew = iqjh"kkf.k th.kkZgkjs"kq lagjsr~AA Suśruta mentions that prānija dravya (drugs of animal origin) like rakta (blood), roma (body hair), nakha (nails), kşīra (milk), mūtra (urine), purisa ( feces ) are to be collected from young animals ( vayastha ). That too during jimāhāra kāla ' (i.e. after food taken by the animal is digested); ( Su . Su . 36/16) The jirnähāra kāla ' has to be tactfully assessed by the person who collects these drugs

13. II. PLACE OF DRUG COLLECTION GENERAL RULE vkXus;k foU /;’ kSyk |k % lkSE;ks fgefxfjeZr%AA As a general opinion Acarya Sarngadhara says that all ' usna virya dravya' are to be collected from 'Vindhya hills' which is known for its hot temperature almost round the calendar. He also says that the ' sita virya dravya' are to be collected from the vicinity of ' Himālaya ranges'.

14. b BHUMI OF MAHABHUTA & DRUG COLLECTION The land may be categorized on the basis of five mahābhüta predominance and drugs for different purposes are to be collected from soil of different mahābhūta dominance as mentioned below by Maharşi Suśruta .

15. RESTRICTED PLACES oYehd dqfRlr vuwi ’ e’kku Å"kj ekxZtk % A tUrqofUgfgeO;kIrk u vkS "k /;% dk;Zflf ) nk%AA Plants grown near valmika (anthill soil), kutsita ( vībhatsa sthāna as per commentary), änüpa (marshy land), śmaśāna (burial grounds) and usara pradeśa (saline soil), märga (walking lanes), jantu pīdīta , agnidagdha and himavyāpta (soil spoilt by insects, fire and snow) are unfit for therapeutic use.

16. III. THE STAGE OF DRUG COLLECTION GENERAL RULE uokU;so fg ; ksT;kfu nzO;k.;f [ kydeZlqA fouk foM ³~xd`".kkH;ka xqM / kkU;kT;ekf { kdS%AA In which avasthā the drug has to be collected is another primary question which one faces while collecting the drugs. Though the general rule speaks about the collection of all the drugs in fresh form, there are exceptions to this, wherein the few of the drugs collected should be old ( purāna ). ( Sā . Pra . Kha.1/44)

17. As per the above reference, the drugs, which should be used in purāņa state are ' vidañga ', ' pippali ', ' guda ' (jaggery), ' dhānyaviśesa ' (cereals, pulses and legumes) and ' madhu ' (honey). However, Maharşi Suśruta ' mentions that, whether the drug is nava (new) or purāna (old) it doesn't matter much, but the rasa, gandha and other inherent properties of the drug äre to be un-spoilt. ( Su . Sū.36/15)

18. The rule of duplication ( Dviguņa mäna gaņanā ): In any compound preparation of dry and wet drugs together, dry drugs collected should be freshly dried (dried soon after collecting them) and the wet drugs which should be freshly collected are taken in double quantity of dry ones.

19. IV. METHOD OF DRUG COLLECTION x`àh;Rrkfu lqeuk % ’ kqfp % izkr % lqokljsAA vkfnR;lEeq [ kks ekSuh ueLd`R ; f’koa âfnA Lkk / kkj.k / kjknzO;a x`àh;kn ~ mRrjkfJre~A drug collection which according to classics has to be carried out in most methodical and ritual manner as the below reference quotes. ( Sā . Pra . Kha.1/56-57) The drug collection is done with all methodical and religious rituals, In early morning hours after bath with calm mind the person should pray Lord Šiva facing the early morning sun. Later the drugs situated towards 'north should be collected. The above concept is essential to have full involvement of the person collecting the drugs. Moreover, the works done with utmost care and full concentration yields better results; so is the case with collection of drugs also.

20. V. STORAGE AND PRESERVATION / kweo "kkZfuyDysnS % loZ _ rqZ % vufHkn~trsA xzkgf;Rok x`gs U;L;sr ~ fof / ku ~ vkS"k / klaxzge~AA Any drug material, which is collected, should be stored in suitable conditions to retain the inherent drug properties until the drug goes into a preparation. For this, the most primary thing, which we require, will be the suitable containers to store the raw drugs. (Trace the details from the fourth chapter- Bhesajāgāra : The Drug Manufacturing Unit)

21. You will learn this topic in detailed in Dravya Guna Vigyan 3. RASA, GUNA, VIRYA, VIPAK & PRABHAV

22. 4. MANA PARIBHASHA “ eh;rs vusu bfr ekue ~AA ” Mana is defined as the system of measurement, based on the measures of weight, length or capacity.

23. TYPES OF MANA Pautava mana (measures of weight or mass) Magadha mana Kalinga mana Druvaya mana (measures of capacity) Payya mana (measures of length) Kala mana

24. ekx /k eku & dfyax eku Magadha mana Kalinga mana Superior – Acharya Sharangadhara Inferior than Magadha mana Magadha desh (Bihar region) Kalinga Desh (Orissa region) Maurya dynasty Kalinga Kings Followed by Maharshi Charaka Followed by Maharshi Sushruta 6 Gunja = 1 masha = 750 mgs 8 Gunja = 1 masha = 1 gm

25. ekx /k eku ---- pjdkpk;Z 30 ijek.kq = oa’kh 0.04 mg 6 oa’kh = 1 ejhph 0.21 mg 6 ejhph = 1 jkftdk 1.30 mg 3 jkftdk = 1 l "kZi 3.91 mg 8 l "kZi = 1 ;o 31.25 mg 4 ;o = 1 xqatk 125 mg 6 xqatk = 1 ek "k 750 mg 4 ek "k = 1 ’ kk.k 3 gm 2 ’ kk.k = 1 dksy 6 gm 2 dksy = 1 d "kZ 12 gm 2 d "kZ = 1 ’ kqfDr 24 gm 2 ’ kqfDr = 1 iy 48 gm 2 iy = 1 izl `fr 96 gm 2 izl `fr = 1 dqMo 192 gm 2 dqMo = 1 ’ kjko 384 gm 2 ’ kjko = 1 izLFk 768 gm 4 izLFk = 1 vk <d 3.072 kg 4 vk <d = 1 nzks.k 12.288 kg 2 nzks.k = 1 ’ kqiZ 24.576 kg 2 ’ kqiZ = 1 nzks.kh 49.152 kg 4 nzks.kh = 1 [ kkjh 196.608 kg 100 iy = 1 rqyk 4.8 kg 20 rqyk = Hkkj 96 kg

26. dfyax eku ---- lq J`rkpk;Z 12 l"kZi 1 ;o 62.5 mg 2 ;o 1 xqatk 125 mg 3 xqatk 1 oYy 375 mg 8 xqatk 1 ek"k 1 gm 4 ek"k 1 ’ kk.k 4 gm 6 ek"k 1 x |.k 6 gm 10 ek"k 1 d"kZ 10 gm 4 d"kZ 1 iy 40 gm 4 iy 1 dqMo 160 gm 2 dqMo 1 ’ kjko 320 gm 2 ’ kjko 1 izLFk 640 gm 4 izLFk 1 vk <d 2.560 kg 4 vk <d 1 nzks.k 10.240 kg 2 nzks.k 1 ’ kqiZ 20.480 kg 2 ’ kqiZ 1 nzks.kh 40.960 kg 4 nzks.kh 1 [ kkjh 163.840 kg

27. DRUVAY MANA 1 fcanq 1 ’ kk.k 32 fcanq 1 ’ kqfDr 64 fcanq 1 ikf.k’kqfDr PAYYA MANA 1 vaxqy 8 ;o 0.75 inch 12 vaxqy 1 forfLr 9 inches 22 vaxqy 1 vjRuh 16.5 ’’ 24 vaxqy 1 gLr 18’’ 1 jktgLr & 22’’ 4 gLr 1 O;ke 72’’

28. dky eku 2 { k.k yo 2 yo fues "k 3 fues "k dk "B 30 dk "B dky 2.38 Min 3 dk "B $ 20 dky eqgwrZ 48 Min 1@2 eqgwrZ ? kVh 24 Min 30 eqgwrZ vgksjk = 24 Hrs 15 vgksjk = i {k 15 days 2 i {k ekl 1 month 2 ekl _ rq 2 months 3 _ rq v;u 6 months 2 v;u laoRlj 1 year 5 laoRlj ; qx 5 yrs

29. 5. PANCHAVIDHA KASHAY KALPANA Lojl (Juice) dYd (Paste) DokFk (Decoction) fge (Cold infusion) Qk.V (Hot infusion)

30. 6 . vuqDr & fo’ks "kksDr xzg.k Consideration of anukta dravya: At many instances of the classics, we may not get the clear meaning explained, in such cases one should understand the things with the help of following points.

31. dkys ·uqDrs izHkkra L;kn ~ vaxs·uqDrs tVk Hkosr~A Hkkxs·uqDrs rq lkE;a L;kRik = s·uqDrs p e`.e;e~AA nzos·uqDrs tya xzkáa rSys·uqDrs fryks˜oe~AA In case of unspecified To be considered Kala (Time) Prabhat (Morning time) Anga (Part of the plant) Jata (Root) Bhaga (Ratio of ingredients) Samya (All equal) Patra (Vessels) Mrutpatra (Mud pots) Drava (Liquid) Jala (Water) Taila (Oil) Tila taila (Sesame oil)

32. In case of To be taken Atisthula Jata Twak (Bark) Sukshma Moola Whole root system Nyagrodha , Udumbara , Pimpal , Parisha , Plaksha etc. Bark of these plants Bijaka , khadira , devdaru , chandan etc Sara bhaga Talisa , palash , kumari , tajpatra etc Patra (Leaves) Triphala Phala (Fruits) Dhataki , madhuka etc Pushpa (Flowers) Snuhi , arka etc Kshir (Milk) fo’ks "kksDr

33. In classics, as the reference given below quotes, we find majority of the compound preparations named on the basis of the first drug name mentioned. However, this rule doesn't apply in all cases. Many preparations ale named on their 'main ingredient', 'action exerted', 'method of preparation  "appearance', 'dosage' and many other significant factors of that particular preparation. Below given are the few of the methods for naming a preparation. 7 . vkS"k /k ukedj.k

34. 1. First drug of compound Punarnavadi Churna , Khadiradi Vati , Abhayadi modak , Jatyadi taila etc. 2. Important ingredient of preparation Hingwastaka churna , Dashamoolarishta , Draksharishta etc. 3. Number/Quantity of drugs Rasnasaptak kwath , Ashtang churna , Kshirshat pala ghrita etc. 4. Physical appearance of product Pinda taila , Suvarna vanga , Parpati kalpa etc. 5. Time of collection of ingredients Pushyanuga churna

35. 6. Therapeutic efficacy of drugs Arogyavardhini , Arshoghna vati , Ashmaribhedi kwath etc 7. Method of preparation Shatadhauta / sahasradhauta ghrita , Sahasra paka balataila etc. 8. Dosage quantity Shadbindu taila , Kamsaharitaki (1 Kamsa = 120 gm) 9. Name of discoverer Chyavanprashavleha , Vasishtha rasayana etc 10. Similes Indra vati , kamadhenu rasa etc. 11. Fame Tribhuvan kirti , trailokya chintamani rasa, trivikrama rasa etc.

36. When a medicine is given, is as important as what medicine is given Timed dosage is surely going to improve treatment outcome. Our science has always believed that there will be rhythmic changes in predominance of bodily doşas with time as the reference given below claims. (A. Hr. Sütra/7-8) All the classical books have explained about the specific time for consumption of medicine and their benefits. Few of the references are given below. 8. vkS"k /k lsou dky

37. HkS "kT;dkyks HkqDrknkS e/;s i'pkUeqgqeqZgq%A Lkkeqn~xa HkDrla;qDra xzklxzklkUrjs n’kAA p-fp-30@298 HkqDrknkS Early morning on empty stomach HkqDrknkS Before food e/;s In between a single meal i'pkr After morning food i'pkr After evening food eqgqeqZgq % Frequently Lkkeqn~xa Before and After food HkDrla;qDra Along with food xzkl Along with each bolus of the food xzklkUrj In between two bolus

38. r= vHkDra izkXHkDra v/ kksHkDra e/; sHkDra vUrjkHkDra lHkDra lkeq n~xa eqgqeqZgq % xzkla xzklkUrja p bfr n’k vkS"k / kdkyk%AA lq-m-64@65 vHkDra izkXHkDra e/; sHkDra v/ kksHkDra lHkDra vUrjkHkDra lkeq n~xa eqgqeqZgq % lxzkla xzklkUrja fuf’k pAA v-la- lw - 23@12 vHkDra Early morning on empty stomach izkXHkDra Before food v/ kksHkDra After food e/; sHkDra In between a meal vUrjkHkDra In between two meals lHkDra Mixed along with the food lkeq n~xa Before and After food eqgqeqZgq % Again and again xzkla Along with each bolus of the food xzklkUrja In between two bolus fuf’k Night at bed time

39. Ks; % iapfo /k % dkyks HkS"kT;xzg.ks u`.kke~A fdafpRlw;ksZn;s tkrs rFkk fnolHkkstus AA Lkk;Urus Hkkstus p eqgq’pkfi rFkk fuf’kA ‘’kk-iz-2@2&3 lw;ksZn;s At sun rise time fnol Hkkstus During day meals Lkk;Urus Hkkstus Evening meals eqgqeqZgq % Repeatedly fuf’k At bed time

40. 9. loh;Zrk vo /kh 10. vkS"k /k ek =k Aushadha Kalpana (Dosage forms) Matra (Dosage) Saviryatavadhi (Potency time period) Swaras ½ - 1 pala For instant use Kalka 1 karsh For instant use Kwath 2 pala For instant use Hima 2 pala For instant use Phant 2 pala For instant use Churna 1 karsh 2-6 months Avleha 1 pala 1 year Taila /Ghee 1 pala 16 months Guggul kalpa 1 karsh 1-5 years Asavarishta 1 pala Infinite

41. 11. vuqiku vuq lg i'pkr ~ ih;rs bfr vuqikue~AA Anupana is defined as it is the drink taken with/after consumption of medicine or food. Vataja vikar Snigdha Ushna Grudrasi - Erand taila Vata kantak-sahachar taila PittajaVikar Madhura Shital Amlapitta-Sita (sugar) Kaphaja Vikar Ruksha Ushna Madhu , Ushnodak Krusha Vyakti Brumhana Sura Sthula Vyakti Langhana Madhu , Ushnodak

42. Vyadhi (Diseases) Anupana Arsha (Piles) Takra (Buttermilk) Grahani Takra (Buttermilk) Ashmari (Kidney stone) Dhanyak Hima Kasa (Cough and cold) Madhu (Honey) Shwas (Asthma) Madhu (Honey) Amlapitta (Acidity) Sita (Sugar) Jwara (Fever) Tulsi swaras Netra vikar (Eye diseases) Triphala kwath

43. Thank You!