3.Alt-Fuels-DME.pptx alternate fuels and oils

for M.E THERMAL ENGINEERING

1. Dimethyl Ether as an Automotive Fuel Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty , Ph.D., VelTech Dr R.R & Dr S.R Technical University Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

2. Contents Present Scenario of Fossil Fuels and Emissions Requirements of Alternative Fuels What is DME - Properties Production of DME DME for Automotive - Technical, Emissions and Economics Future of DME Conclusions Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

3. Present Scenario of Fossil Fuels and Emissions Oil Reservoirs are Shrinking and Crude Oil Production Will be almost 90% less than the Requirement by 2100 World should look for the Production of Alternative fuels sources from the Clear Indication of Shrinking of the Oil Reservoirs According to 1999, The US Transportation Sector is almost consuming the 2/3 rd of its Total Oil Production Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

4. 70 – 80% of environmental Pollution is caused by the Transportation Sector It is necessary to reduce the Global Worming and Emissions for the Clean and Safest Environment for the Future Generation Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

5. Heavy duty vehicles are running with Direct Injection Diesel Engine and these engines are facing a conflict between the goal of emission reduction and optimization of fuel consumption In diesel engine, PM is formed in rich regions and NOx in the hot stoichiometric regions of air-fuel mixture. This is due to the heterogeneous mixture formation in the cylinder, so, it is difficult to reduce both the NOx and PM simultaneously through the combustion improvement What is the Problem with Present Diesel Fueled Engines? World wide automobile manufactures and researchers are trying to reduce the pollutants from diesel engine using different technologies like high pressure fuel injection, turbo charging with inter cooling, four valve technology Exhaust Gas recirculation and exhaust gas after treatment , etc. At the same time, the cost of the engine is increasing with an addition of new technologies, even though, it is impossible to reach the near zero emissions (ULEV) with the diesel fuel alone Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

6. History of European Emission Standards HC CO NOx PM Equivalent Euro/Bharat Stage* (g/kWhr) -- 3.5 14.0 18.0 -- -- 1985 2.4 11.2 14.4 0.7 EURO-0 1990 1.1 4.5 8.0 0.36 EURO-I BS-I 1995 1.1 4.0 7.0 0.15 EURO-II BS-II 2000 0.66 2.1 5.0 0.10 EURO-III BS-III 2005 0.46 1.5 3.5 0.02 EURO-IV BS-IV 2010 0.46 1.5 2.0 0.02 EURO-V BS-V * Bharat stage implementation dates are different from Euro Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

7. Sources of Fuels for IC Engines Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

8. Alternative Fuels and Power Sources Present Scenario of the Fossil Fuels and Emissions from Transportation are giving clear warning to the world to go for low emission and renewable fuel Possible Alternative Fuels Liquid Petroleum Gas Natural Gas Hydrogen Vegetable Oils/Fats Ethanol Methanol Dimethyl Ether P-series Fuels Fuel Cells and Hybrid Power Trains are another alternative to reduce environmental pollution. But the cost of the Fuel cell is in between 5-10 times/kW of convention Power production (Diesel/Petrol). Even though, the present fuel cells are not enough to full the HCVs Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D ,

9. Alternative Fuel Requirements Availability – Production Facilities, Infrastructure and Fossil Availability Emissions – Very Low Regulated and Unregulated Emissions Economy – Production and Distribution Cost, In-use Cost and Range- Tank Size and Weight Acceptability – Handling, Smell, Corrosion and Public Preparation Renewability Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

10. What is DME? Dimethyl Ether (DME) is a clean burn alternative fuel for transportation sector and its chemical formula is CH 3 OCH 3     Large scale production of DME can be possible from Natural Gas Synthesis DME can be used directly in existing diesel engine with minor changes Cetane number of DME is more than 55, so, it is a suitable fuel for Compression Ignition Engine Dimethyl Ether has the chemical formula CH 3 OCH 3. It’s name is derived from the two Methyl groups (CH 3 ) attached to oxygen, Followed by ether For Comparison Methane and Methanol have the following structures Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

11. Property Diesel DME Methanol Propane Ethanol LNG Chemical Formula -- C 2 H 6 O CH 3 OH C 3 H 6 C 4 H 10 CH 4 Molecular Weight   46.07 32.024 44.11 58.13 16.024 Vapor Pressure @20 o C (bar) 0.0069* 5.1 0.35* 8.4 2.1 -- Boiling Point @1bar ( o C) 71 to 193 -24.9 65 -42.1 -0.5 -162 Liquid Density @ 20 o C (kg/m 3 ) 0.8 to 0.84 0.668 0.79 0.501 0.61 0.42** Lower Heating Value (MJ/kg) 42.5 28.43 19.5 46.36 45.74 49.3 Cetane Number 40 - 55 55 - 60 ~5 -- -- -- Auto Ignition Temperature 230 235 512.6 495-605 480-535 540 - 560 Flammability Limits (%)   3.4 - 17 6.0 - 36.5 2.1 - 9.4 1.9 - 8.4 5-15 Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio 14.7 8.99 6.5     16.0 * Properties at 38 o C, ** Density at -165 C Comparison of DME properties with Other Fuels Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D ,

12. Safety Inflammable Liquefied Gas (~Butane/Propane) Heavier than Air Burns with Blue Flame Health Non Poisonous Non Caustic Non Carcinogenic Environment Short Half Life in Troposphere Does not Reach to Stratosphere Handling Similar to Propane/Butane Various Applications and Safety of DME Applications of DME Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

13. DME Production Dehydration of Methanol: Currently, DME is producing by fixed bed catalytic ‘Dehydration of Methanol’. This process is simple, and therefore a preferred method for small scale production. Immediate substitution of DME as an alter- native is possible by this method, but the cost of the production more than the methanol Normally, DME can be produced by the following methods , Dehydration of Methanol Revamp of Existing Methanol Plant Stand Alone DME Plants (Developed by M/s. Haldor Topsoe A/S) Revamp of Existing Methanol Plant: This is an another route to produce small Quantity of DME by revamping the existing methanol plants. This can be done very easily by replacing the methanol catalyst by the dual function DME Catalyst. Due to higher vapor pressure of DME certain another modifications are also required. Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

14. Stand Alone DME Plants: An economical large scale production of DME As an alternative fuel to Diesel fuel would called as ‘Stand Alone DME Plants’. This type of plants capacity ranging from 2500 to 10000 MTPD These plants are directly depending on the synthesis gas and this gas can be produced from any carbon containing fuels. Synthesis gas is a mixture of CO, H 2 and CO 2 Natural Gas Biomass Coal Petroleum Coke Syn Gas CO +H 2 Methanol Combined Methanol & DME Process D M E Large Scale Production of DME from Natural Gas is Economical than the other sources Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

15. Auto Thermal Reactor Production of DME from Natural Gas Synthesis CH 4 + 3/2 O 2 → CO + 2H 2 O CH 4 + H 2 O → 3H 2 + CO CO + H 2 O → CO 2 + H 2 CO 2 + 3H 2 → CH 3 OH + H 2 O (50.2) H 2 O + CO → H 2 + CO 2 (40.9) 2CH 3 OH → CH 3 O CH 3 + H 2 O (23.4) Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

16. DME as a Compression Ignition Engine Fuel The cetane number and auto ignition temperature of DME are very favorable to use as a Compression Ignition Engine Fuel Because of its low boiling point temperature and high vapor pressure, Some modifications in the Fuel Injection System are required and those are Major design changes are required in plunger diameter and nozzle through flow area to deliver the more fuel quantity (1.8 times of diesel by volume) Proper sealing has to done to avoid the leakage of DME to atmosphere (High vapor pressure (5.1) and low boiling point temperature) Injection Optimization is Required to minimize the Combustion Noise Large fuel tanks required to get equivalent range of operation of diesel DME has to be store at a pressure of 9 bar and this is equal to LPG storage pressure All above changes can be done in the field with out removing the engine from the vehicle, so, retro fitment of DME kit is very easy and simple Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

17. Driving range of DME is far better than the CNG and half of the diesel Fuel, that means double to diesel fuel tank is good enough to get equivalent to diesel engine range Well to Wheel CO 2 Emissions: CO 2 Emissions from DME (fossil) DME is lower than the diesel available in India CO 2 from DME lower than the gasoline Bio DME CO 2 is very low LCV HCV Gasoline FT Diesel DME Current Diesel Bio-DME Relative CO 2 Emissions (%) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

18. With DME fueled engine, it is possible to meet ULEV Smoke is very close to zero because of its clean burning nature DME having nature of little lager ignition delay, help to homo- geneous mixture and then tend to low combustion temperature resulting low NOx Thermal efficiency equal diesel engine Oxycat is required to reduce CO and HC Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

19. NOx with Equivalence Ratio Performance Emissions Ozone Reactivity Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

20. Cost Comparison and Economy Presently DME cost is higher than the Diesel on energy basis, but large scale production of DME is compatible to diesel or even lower Cost of the DME is less than the methanol, ethanol and other agricultural oil Cost comparisons with Diesel and DME engine to meet EPA 2007 Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

21. The major disadvantage is that the DME is having low lubricity properties, so additives are required to improve the life of the injection pump. Conclusions DME is the future fuel for transportation sector to meet stringent emission norms Efficiency is equal to the diesel fueled engine Low level NOx and Zero smoke is possible CO 2 emissions are low Large scale production of DME can be competitive to other alternative fuels Easy Retro fitment is possible Lubricity is less, so some additives are required to improve the life of fuel injection pump Safe and easy handling Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,

22. Thank you Dr. P.Nanjappa Chetty Ph.D,