3 lesson Vitamins practical tranings.pptx

information about vitamins

1. 3 lesson Vitamins for practical training MD Sanjarbek Khabibullaev

2. What is the difference between fat‐soluble and water‐soluble vitamins?

3. Answer Fat‐soluble are stored in the liver and fatty tissues.  These are not readily excreted from the body. Water‐soluble vitamins travel in the blood and are stored in limited amounts.  These are readily  excreted from the body through urine.

4. Vitamins Organic compound Required in small quantities Needed for a variety of biochemical functions. Many of them act as coenzyme. They don’t enter in tissue structure. Cannot be synthesized by the body, must be supplied by the diet. They are not a source of calories (energy)  Their deficiency in diet results in characteristic disease, Example: Scurvy from vitamin C deficiency , Rickets from vitamin D deficiency. Nutritional Value lost by: Bacteria, Light, Oxidation and Heat Vitamins intake depends on: Age, Gender, Pregnancy, and Lactation .

5. Biochemical functions Some of vitamins have hormone-like functions as regulators of mineral metabolism Example vitamin D , or regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation Example some forms of vitamin A Others function as antioxidants Example vitamin E and sometimes vitamin C The largest number of vitamins Example (vitamins B complex) function as precursors for enzyme cofactors, that help enzymes in their work as catalysts in metabolism.

6. Vitamin Requirements R ecommended D ietary A llowances (RDA) is a norm for how much of various nutrients people should take in every day to stay healthy.

7. Classification of vitamins Dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body. Because they are not readily stored, consistent daily intake is important. Many types of water-soluble vitamins are synthesized by bacteria. Water soluble vitamin Fat soluble vitamin Stored in the liver and adipose tissue. These are not readily excreted from the body. In fact, consumption of vitamin A and D in excess of the recommended dietary allowances can lead to accumulation of toxic quantities of these compounds.

8. Classification of vitamins

9. Water Soluble vitamin Vitamins B complex : These are group of vitamins of different chemical moleculas classify in one group because: All present in the same sources, abundant in whole grain cereals, liver and yeast. Important for healthy skin and nervous system. All vitamin B complex serve as coenzyme in enzymatic reaction. Vitamin B complex absorbed in the intestinal and transported in the portal concentration.

10. Vitamin B1( Thiamine) The biological active form of the vitamin is Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). It is formed by transfer of a pyrophosphate group from ATP to thiamine. Functions Thiamine pyrophosphate serves as a coenzyme. Essential for release of energy from food. Necessary for appetite and good health. Needed for normal functioning of nervous system.

11. Sources Meat and liver whole-grain and yeast. Spinach Deficiency Beri-beri disease: This is a severe thiamine-deficiency syndrome found in areas where polished rice is the major component of the diet. It is a neurological disease characterized by: Dry skin. Irritability. Disorderly thinking. Progressive paralysis.

12. Vitamin B 2 -Riboflavin The two biologically active forms are: Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) Formed by the transfer of an AMP moiety from ATP to FMN. Function: Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats (coenzyme FMN, FAD) Growth, repair, development of body tissues - healthy skin, eyes and tongue The principal growth promoting factor in the vitamin B complex

13. Sources liver Milk Cheese Leafy Vegetables Deficiency Pellagra characterized by: loss of appetite Cracks at corners of mouth Dermatitis around nose and lips. Tongue appearing smooth and purplish Eyes sensitive to light. Mental disorder Diarrhea , possible death.

14. Vitamin B 6 pyridoxine Vitamin B6 is a collective term for pyridoxine pyrodoxal pyrodoamine (all derivatives of pyridine). They differ only in the nature of the functional group attached to the ring. pyridoxine occurs primarily in plants , whereas pyrodoxal and pyrodoxamine are found in foods obtained from animals. All three compounds can serve as precursors of the biologically active coenzyme, piyrodoxal phosphate.

15. PYRIDOXINE (Vitamin B6) Pyridoxal (PL) Pyridoxamine (PM) Pyridoxine or Pyridoxol (PN) Each of these forms can be phosphorylated at position 5 to form: PLP, PMP, and PNP .

16. Function: The metabolically active form of vitamin B 6 , is involved in many metabolic process such as amino acid, glucose and lipid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, histamine synthesis, hemoglobin synthesis and function, and gene expression. Pyridoxal phosphate generally serves as a coenzyme for many reactions and can help facilitate decarboxylation, transamination, racemization, elimination, replacement.

17. Source: Meats, whole grains and cereals, legumes, green, leafy vegetables. Deficiencies are rare but have been observed in Newborn, Infants(convulsion) due to deficiency of formation GABA(inhibitory transmitter in brain) serves as a neurotransmitter in a person’s central nervous system (CNS). GABA inhibits nerve transmissions in the brain, which alleviates nervous activity . Women taking oral contraceptive. In alcoholics.

18. Vitamin B9 -Folic Acid Folic acid (or folate ), which play a key role in one-carbon groups. Example Methyl group –CH3... elc . Important to take folic acid prior to pregnancy and vital during first 3 months pregnancy to prevent NTD (Neural tube defects are severe abnormalities of the central nervous system that develop in babies during the first few weeks of pregnancy resulting in malformations of the spine &brain. Function Tetrahydrofolate receives one-carbon fragments from donors such as serine, glycine , and histidine and transfers them to intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids, purines , and thymine, a pyrimidine found in DNA. Red blood cell formation Essential for synthesis of DNA and RNA (coenzyme) Development of brain, spinal cord and skeleton in foetus. Enhances brain health. Folic acid supplementation may improve memory.

19. Sources liver Fortified cereals Green leafy vegetables Potatoes Milk Deficiency Megaloblastic anaemia results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production ,causes diminished synthesis of purines and thymidine , which leads to an inability of cells to make DNA and, therefore, they cannot divide. Neural tube defect Fatigue in mild cases

20. Vitamin B 12 - (CyanoCobalamin) Known as the "red" vitamin because it exists as a dark red crystalline compound, Vitamin B12 is unique in that it is the only vitamin to contain cobalt (Co 3+ ) metal ion, which, gives it the red color. Vitamin B 12 is synthesized only by microorganisms; it is not present in plants. Animal obtain the vitamin preformed from their natural bacterial flora or by eating foods derived from other animals. Function: support production of red blood cells and prevent anemia. helps make DNA, the genetic material in all cells. allow nerve cells to develop properly. help your cells metabolize protein, carbohydrate, and fat and energy production.

21. Source Meats, liver, kidney. Fish, Oysters, Shellfish. Eggs, Milk and Milk products. Deficiency Vitamin B 12 deficiency is rarely a result of an absence of vitamin in the diet. It is much more common to find deficiencies in patients who fail to absorb the vitamin from the intestine, resulting in pernicious anemia. Neurological disorders; degeneration of peripheral nerves that may cause numbness, tingling in fingers and toes.

22. Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid The active form of vitamin C is ascorbate . Function Formation of collagen, helps form connective tissue that hold bones, muscles, and tissues together, wound healing; maintaining blood vessels facilitates the absorption of iron, calcium, production of brain hormones, immune factors , Protects the body from free radicals (antioxidant) Vitamin C reduce the risk of heart attack &slow down the progression of atherosclerosis , because it is protect arteries against damage. Source Citrus fruits broccoli strawberries melon green pepper tomatoes dark green vegetables potatoes.

23. Deficiency Weight loss , fatigue and joint pain & reduced resistance to colds and infections Scurvy , a disease characterized by sore, spongy gums loose teeth fragile blood vessels swollen joints anemia.

24. Fat soluble vitamin Vitamin A - Retinol and Beta-Carotene Family of molecules found in the body in 3 forms: Retinol , Retinal , Retinoic acid . collectively known as retinoids Retinol A primary alcohol containing a β-ionone ring with an unsaturated side chain. Named because of its concern with retina of eye & only found in animal foods. Beta-Carotene plant foods contain β-carotene, which can be oxidatively cleaved in the intestine to yield two molecules of retinal.

25. Functions Helps to form skin and mucous membranes and keep them healthy, thus increasing resistance to infections; essential for night vision; promotes bones and tooth development. Beta carotene is an antioxidant and may protect against cancer. Sources Retinol liver oil, Liver Dairy products, Egg yolk. Beta-Carotene Dark green leafy vegetables, Broccoli, Carrots, Deep orange fruits and vegetables

26. Deficiency Mild: Night blindness, diarrhea, intestinal infections, impaired vision. Severe: leads to dryness of the conjunctiva ,cornea & inflammation of eyes, If untreated result blindness . Keratinization of skin and eyes. Over 500,000 children worldwide are blinded each year caused by insufficient vitamin A in the diet.

27. Vitamin D ( Cholecalciferol & Ergoclciferol ) The D vitamins are a group of sterols that have a hormone-like function. The active molecule, 1,25 (OH)2 D3 ( 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)

28. Formed by action of ultra violet light on fungi and yeasts Manufactured synthetically for use as vitamin supplement Cholecalciferol Vitamin D3 The sunshine Vitamin! The sun activates Provitamin 7 dehydro cholesterol present in fat under skin Provitamin 7 dehydro cholesterol Cholecalciferol Ergocalciferol Vitamin D2

29. Function The most prominent actions of 1,25-(OH)2 D3 are to regulate the plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus. Increasing uptake of calcium by the intestine. Minimizing loss of calcium by the kidney. Stimulating resorption of bone. Sources Sunlight conversion Vitamin D-fortified dairy products. Fish liver oils Dairy products Oily fish Margarine

30. Deficiency Demineralization of bone, resulting in rickets in children osteomalacia in adults.

31. Vitamin E - Tocopherols The vitamin E consist of eight naturally occurring tocopherols, of which α-tocopherol is the most active. Functions Powerful antioxidant in prevention of nonenzymic oxidation of cell components (for example, polyunsaturated fatty acids) by molecular oxygen and free radicals. Improves absorption of vitamin A. prevents damage to cell membranes.

32. Sources Vegetable oils, margarine, butter. Liver and Eggs whole grain products Leafy greens Deficiency: sensitivity of erythrocytes to peroxide, and the appearance of abnormal cellular membranes. Vitamin E requirement increases as the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acid increases.  

33. Vitamin K Vitamin K exists in several forms, for example in plants as phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in intestinal bacterial flora as menaquinone (vitamin K2). menadione as synthetic derivative of vitamin K, is available for therapy purpose. Functions Constituent of prothrombin which is necessary in blood clotting.

34. Source Cabbage, Cauliflower, Spinach, Egg yolk & Liver Synthesis by the bacteria in the gut. There is no RDA for vitamin K, but 70 to 140 mg/day. is recommended as an adequate level. Toxicity of vitamin K Prolonged administration of large doses of vitamin K can produce Hemolytic anemia Jaundice in the infant due to toxic effects on the membrane of red blood cells.

35. How vitamins help each other Vitamin E keeps Vitamin A from being destroyed in the intestines. Vitamin D enables the body to absorb calcium and phosphorous. Vitamin C helps folate build proteins. Vitamin K is important in making sure that the calcium you get from foods or supplements is used in your bones. Vitamin D and vitamin K work together to strengthen your bones and to help them develop properly Vitamin B 1 works in digestive system with niacin, pantothenic acid acid and magnesium

36. REFERENCES Murray, R., Bender, D., Botham , K., Kennelly, P., Rodwell , V., Weil., P. (2012) Harper’s illustrated biochemistry, 29 th edition. Publisher: McGraw Hill Lange. Nelson, D. and Cox, M. (2008) Lehninger principles of biochemistry, 5 th edition. Publisher: W.H. Freeman and company, New York. Harvey, R. and Ferrier, D. (2011) Lippincott’s illustrated reviews: biochemistry, 5 th edition. Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 36