3.+Tissuesanatomy-Instructor+%281%29.pptx

Anatomy presentation on tissues of the body

1. . Tissues

2. Tissues A collection of cells that are similar in structure and that work together to perform a particular function. There are 4 types. Most organs contain all 4 types. Epithelial tissue Covers Connective tissue Supports Has a non-living extra cellular material (matrix between its cells) Muscle tissue Produces movement Nerve tissue Controls

3. 1. Epithelial Tissue 6 common characteristics: 1. Cellularity 2. Polarity apical 3. Attach : basement membrane Support, anchorage, diffusion regulator

4. 4. Avascularity How does it receive nutrients? 5. Innervation Nervous System 6. Regeneration

5. How to classify Epithelia?

6. Classifying Epithelia Classified according to two criteria: Number of layers of cells Shape of the cells

7. 1. Epithelial: Number of Cell Layers Simple – single layer apical surface basement membrane Stratified– two+ layers not all have apical surface or attach to basement membrane Pseudostratified – single layer not all reach apical surface nuclei look stratified

8. 2. Epithelial: Cell Shapes Squamous – Flattened and scalelike Nucleus flattened “fried egg” Cuboidal– Boxlike Nucleus round & nucleus centrally located same on all sides Columnar– Tall; column shaped, taller than wide Nucleus elongated, nucleus oval and in basal region Transitional- Polyhedral (concave and dinuclei )

9. A. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Characteristics: Flat nucleus Function: Allows materials to pass through by diffusion Secretion of lubricating substances Location: BLOOD VESSEL KIDNEY BOWMAN’S CAPSULE

10. A. STRATIFIED KERATINIZED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Characteristics: Apical region dead cells Keratinized production Function: Protection Location: Skin

11. A. STRATIFIED NON- KERATINIZED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Characteristics: Apical region alive cells (nucleus) Non-keratinized Function: Protection against abrasion Location: Areas of high abrasion, such as, esophagus

12. B. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM Characteristics: Cube like cell round nucleus Function: Secretion and absorption. Location: THYROID GLAND FOLLICLES

13. B. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM Characteristics: Stack of multiple layers Function: Protection Location: SWEAT GLAND shown here– from Web

14. C. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM Characteristic: BRUSH BORDER (MICROVILLI) Function: absorption and secretes mucus and enzymes. Location: SMALL INTESTINE

15. C. SIMPLE CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM Characteristic: CILIA Movement Location: FALLOPIAN TUBE AKA UTERINE TUBE

16. C. Stratified Columnar Epithelium Characteristics: Multiple layers of columnar cells. Rare Location: Male urethra

17. C. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM Characteristic: One layer Columnar cells Looks as if has many layers Cilia-movement Function: Secretes mucus Cilia moves mucus Location: Respiratory system

18. D. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM Characteristics: Apical region concave Also called the umbrella cells. Multiple layers of cells Function: Allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch. Location: URINARY BLADDER

19. Glandular Epithelia One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion. Classified by Site of product release— Endocrine: Product, such as hormones, is released in the blood. Exocrine: Product, such as sweat, is released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities. Different number of cells formed the gland: unicellular (e.g., goblet cells ) multicellular

20. Figure Goblet cell (unicellular exocrine gland). Microvilli Golgi apparatus Rough ER Nucleus Secretory vesicles containing mucin The only important unicellular glands are: Mucous cells Goblet cells Found: Epithelial linings of intestinal Respiratory tracts All produce mucin Dissolves in water to form mucus (Slimy protective, lubricating coating).

21. 2. Classification of Connective Tissue: a. Containing a living portion (cells) b. Containing a non-living portion (fibers)

22. Six Functions of Connective Tissue Physical protection Example: bones, fat Support & structural framework Example: bones, cartilage Binding of structures Example: ligaments, tendons, dense irregular tissue Storage Example: fat, bone Transport Example: blood Immune protection Example: WBC’s, extracellular matrix

23. 2. Connective Tissue (CT) Characteristics: Most diverse, abundant, and structurally varied CT types present after birth can be classified into three broad categories: CT proper Supporting CT Fluid CT

24. Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper Three types produced by cells and secreted into the Extra cellular matrix (ECM): Collagen Fibers: Strong, flexible, resistant to stretching. Most abundant. Elastic Fibers: Allow for stretch/relax Reticular Fibers: In organs, act as packing material

25. Shared Structural Components of CT Cells: Bone (osteocyte), cartilage (chondrocyte), fat (adipocyte), fiber (fibroblast). Protein fibers: Elastic, collagen, reticular Ground substance: “Fluid” of extra cellular matrix (ECM) Produced by cells Solid to fluid

26. 3 broad categories: CT proper Supporting CT Fluid CT (blood) Classification of CT a. b. c.

27. a. Connective Tissue Proper Characteristics: Many types of cells present Proportions of protein fibers and ground substance Two categories: Loose CT : Anchor/support Low protein fibers High ground substance Dense CT : High protein fibers Low ground substance Loose CT Dense CT

28. 1. Areolar CT (loose CT) Cells: Fibroblast, white blood cells, and mast cells Functions: Cushions organs Support but permits independent movement Locations: Deep to the dermis of skin.

29. 2. Adipose CT (loose CT) Cells: Adipocytes FUNCTION : Protection, cushions shocks. Insulation (reduces heat loss) energy storage LOCATION: Most abundant

30. 3. Reticular CT (loose CT) Functions: Supportive tissue making up the framework of glands, organs, and lymph nodes. Locations: spleen

31. 2. Dense Connective Tissue (CT proper) Functions: Provide firm attachment and conducts pull of muscles Reduces friction between muscles Stabilizes relative positions of bones There are 3 types: Dense regular CT Dense irregular Elastic CT

32. Description: Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastin fibers; cell type is the fibroblast, little ECM. Function: Attachment of muscles to bones or to muscles and attaches bones to bones Location: Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses 1. Dense regular CT- (CT proper)

33. 2. Dense Irregular CT (DICT) – (CT proper) Description: Irregular arranged collagen fibers Major cell type is the fibroblast Function: Withstand tension exerted in many directions Location: Dermis of the skin

34. Elastin fibers 3. Elastic CT- (CT proper) Description: DICT containing a high proportion of elastic fibers. Function: Allows recoil of tissue following stretching Aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration Location: Walls of large arteries

35. b. Supporting Connective Tissue Two types of supporting connective tissue: Cartilage Bone Function: Framework and support for soft tissue a. b. c. i . ii.

36. i . Cartilage Characteristics: Matrix contains up to 80% water Avascular and no nervous system Cells: chondrocyte within lacunae (small spaces) 3 types: *Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic Functions: Gives strength, while the ground substance gives resiliency.

37. 1. Hyaline Cartilage- Supporting CT Description: Collagen fibers form a network of firm matrix. Cells: chondrocyte within lacunae Form structural models for growing bones. Function: Supports Location: Articular surfaces Respiratory system

38. Description: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix. Cells: chondrocyte within lacuna Function: Maintains the shape of a structure allowing flexibility Location: Epiglottis Ear (pinna) 2. Elastic Cartilage- Supporting CT

39. 3. Fibrocartilage- Supporting CT Description: Cells: chondrocyte within lacuna Matrix less firm than hyaline cartilage Thick collages fibers Function: Absorb compressive shock Location: Intervertebral discs

40. ii. Bone Features: Periosteum surrounds matrix and endosteum covers spongy bone Cells : osteocytes in lacunae connected with canaliculi ECM: mix of collagen & bone salts. Central canals: cavities for blood vessels and nerves Function: Strength: inorganic material (bone salts) Flexibility: organic material (collagen). Types: Compact-osteon (see figure) Spongy

41. c. Fluid Connective Tissue (Blood) Function: Transports nutrients, wastes, & hormones Composed of : Plasma: watery ground substance w/ protein fibers Fibrin: clotting protein Cells Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets: fragments of blood cells

42. 3. Classification of Muscle Tissue Three types of muscle: Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

43. 1. Skeletal Muscle-Voluntary Structure: Long, cylindrical cell (many nuclei in each cell) Cells are striated- alternating light and dark pattern Function: Stimulated by nervous system (Contracts and relaxes rapidly) Pull bones (body movement) Pull skin (facial expression) Location: Attached to bones

44. 2. Cardiac Muscle-Involuntary Structure: Branching networks (Short Y-shaped) with intercalated disks (gap junctions) between cells. Single nucleus Lightly striated Function: Pumps blood out of heart Location: Wall of the heart (myocardium)

45. 3. Smooth Muscle- Involuntary Structure: Non-striated Single nucleus Function: Produces movements (peristalsis) Location: Wall of hollow organs vessels

46. Let’s Practice-Name the muscle tissue B. C.

47. Classified Nervous Tissue

48. Nervous Tissue Contains two types of cells: Neurons: capable of initiating and conducting electrical activity Neuroglia : cells that support the neurons Function Communication and control of body functions (a) (b) Brain Spinal cord Axon Cell body Neuron Nuclei of neuroglia Nucleolus Cell body Axon Nucleus of neuron Dendrites Photomicrograph of neuron on cell body (LM X 600)

49. Name of Tissue Main Cell Type Fiber Types Areolar Fibroblast Collagen Elastic & Reticular Adipose Adipocyte Collagen Reticular CT Fibroblast Reticular Bone Osteocyte Collagen Blood Erythrocyte Leukocyte None until clotting occurs Hyaline Cart. Chondrocyte None Elastic Cart. Chondrocyte Elastic Fibrocart. Chondrocyte Collagen Dense Reg.CT Fibroblast Collagen in regular, parallel arrangement Dense Irreg.CT Fibroblast Collagen in irregular masses