3-Troop-Leading-Procedures-1.ppt rotc ppt

3-Troop-Leading-Procedures-1.ppt rotc ppt

1. •ACTION: Apply the Troop Leading Procedures IAW FM 7-
8.
•CONDITIONS: Given FM 7-8, FM 3-0, FM 101-5-1,
Coordinating Draft to Change 1 FM 7-10, several periods of
instruction, various training aids, and an example company
operations order in a classroom environment.
•STANDARDS: Student scores at least 70% (60% for ISTD)
on a written exam and receives a “GO” rating on a written
assignment (paragraphs I - III of a platoon operations order
with refined graphic overlays).

2. ARE THE DYNAMIC
PROCESSES BY
WHICH A LEADER
RECEIVES, PLANS
AND EXECUTES A
MISSION.
FM 7-10, Chapter 2
Troop Leading Procedures

3. Troop Leading Procedures
1. Receive Mission
2. Issue the Warning Order
3. Make a Tentative Plan
4. Initiate Movement
5. Conduct Reconnaissance
6. Complete the Plan
7. Issue the Order
8. Supervise

4. Receive The Mission
•Begins with receipt of initial WARNORD,
OPORD, or FRAGO
•PL determines probable mission
•PL conducts initial time analysis
•Begins Mission Analysis
This steps gets the planning and preparation
process underway by enabling the leader to
prepare and issue a Warning Order as
quickly as possible.

5. Receive the Mission
•Conduct an INITIAL Mission and
Quick Time ANALYSIS.
Determine the time available from mission receipt
to execution.
Determine the time needed by self and subordinates
to plan, coordinate, issue orders, prepare,
reconnoiter, rehearse and execute the mission.

6. Issue Warning Order
•Usually given orally
•Includes:
 Unit’s probable mission/type of operation
 Platoon leader’s initial time planning timeline
 Any additional information available
 Initial instructions-movement/recon
 USES 5 PARAGRAPH FORMAT
This enables subordinate units to begin the parallel
planning process.

7. •Mission Analysis
•Course of Action Development
•Analysis of Courses of Action
•Comparison of Courses of Action
•Course of Action Selection/ Decision
Make a Tentative Plan

8. Mission Analysis
•Identify Purpose
–Commanders Mission, Concept
& Intent 1 & 2 LEVELS UP
•Specified Tasks
•Implied Tasks
•Constraints (Require Action vs. Prohibit Action)
•Identify Essential Tasks
•Restated Mission
FM 7-10, pg 2-16

9. TMTET-C
•TIME
•MISSION
•TERRAIN AND WEATHER
•ENEMY SITUATION
•TROOPS AVAILABLE
•CIVILLIANS
Mission Analysis

10. Initiate Movement
•Centered on assisting in preparation or
posturing the platoon for future operations,
for example:
–movement to an assembly area, battle position,
or attack position
–reconnaissance to the line of departure
–establishment of guides
–quartering parties

11. Initiate Movement
•May occur at any point in the Troop
Leading Process
•Examples:
–Move main body to Area of Operations
–Send out recon teams
–Begin gathering necessary equipment
–Begin rehearsing drills you anticipate using

12. Complete the Plan
•The platoon leader expands his Course of Action
(COA) into a complete order and includes:
–maneuver graphics
–terrain model and/or sketch
–briefing area
–fire support plan
–CSS and C2 requirements
–final coordination with adjacent units

13. Issue the Order
•Can be issued either orally or written.
•Using the five paragraph format, the platoon leader concisely
and precisely explains how the platoon will accomplish its
assigned mission.
–Subordinates share the PL’s vision
–Understand how all elements work together
–Walk away with a clear understanding of what has to happen
•Issue while observing the combat area if possible.
•Possible aids that can be utilized:
–Terrain models
–Map boards
–Sketches
FM 7-8, pg 2-9

14. Supervise and Refine
•Rehearsals
–battle drills
–actions on the objective
–breaching
–special teams
•Inspections
–weapons and ammunition
–mission essential equipment
–brief-back
• Refine Plan given changing conditions

15. Troop Leading Procedures
1. Receive Mission
2. Issue the Warning Order
3. Make a Tentative Plan
4. Initiate Movement
5. Conduct Reconnaissance
6. Complete the Plan
7. Issue the Order
8. Supervise

16. QUESTIONS?

17. Troop Leading Procedures
1. Receive Mission
2. Issue the Warning Order
3. Make a Tentative Plan
4. Initiate Movement
5. Conduct Reconnaissance
6. Complete the Plan
7. Issue the Order
8. Supervise

18. Troop Leading Procedures
1. Receive Mission
2. Issue the Warning Order
3. Make a Tentative Plan
4. Initiate Movement
5. Conduct Reconnaissance
6. Complete the Plan
7. Issue the Order
8. Supervise
Analysis of Time and Mission
5 Paragraph

19. •TIME
•MISSION
•TERRAIN AND WEATHER
•ENEMY SITUATION
•TROOPS AVAILABLE
•CIVIL CONSIDERATIONS
“See the Terrain, See the Enemy, See Yourself.”
Mission Analysis
TMTET-C

20. •T IME ANALYSIS
–Initial time analysis allows a Platoon Leader to
determine the total amount of time to develop, prepare,
and execute a plan.
–Platoon Leader should plan to use no more than one
third of the time available, thus leaving his
subordinates with two thirds of the available time (1/3-
2/3 rule).
–Backward Planning
–Ongoing, drives the planning process
Mission Analysis
TMTET-C

21. •T IME ANALYSIS
–Considerations:
•Specified Times – dictated in the Company CDR’s
WARNO/OPORD
–Backbriefs
–Rehearsals
–LD
–Mission Execution Times: At/NLT/NET
–Logistic Requirements
–COMMEX
•Implied Times – not dictated in the Company CDR’s
WARNO/OPORD
–PLT/SQD level planning (Backbriefs, OPORD, Rehearsals,
COMMEX, etc.)
Mission Analysis
TMTET-C

22. •TIME ANALYSIS - A Technique:
Mission Analysis
TMTET-C
LIMITED VISIBILITY
EXECUTION EVENTS:
PLANNING EVENTS:
ENEMY EVENTS:
300500
ASSAULT POS.
DIV RECON
290900
NLT DEFEND TIME
292300
300800
NLT TIME
292000
INIT. MVMNT
291100
ISSUE OPORD
290600
WARNO

23. Time Analysis Technique
= LIMITED VISIBILITY
RECEIVED
ORDER
DEFEND
NLT
011200 011230 - 011400 011800 012000 020600 022000 030600
MOVEMENT
BN
REHEARSAL
EENT
EENTBMNT BMNT
TOTAL TIME: 42 HOURS
MOVEMENT 2 HOURS
BN REHEARSAL 1 HOUR
CO ROCK DRILL 1 HOUR
MINUS REHEARSE EA 1 HOUR
KEY LDR TRAVEL 2HOURS
TO CO EVENTS
LIM VIS DEGRADATION 8 HOURS (40%
BASED ON
ILLUM OF 80%)
AVAILABLE TIME: 27 HOURS
1/5 - 4/5 = CO OPORD NLT 011730
1/3 - 2/3 - CO OPORD NLT 012010

24. •M ISSION (Analysis of Mission)
–What is a Mission Statement?
•A clear, concise statement of the mission essential task to
be accomplished and purpose to be achieved by the
company.
•Only one essential task.
•Answers the who, what, when, where, and why of the
mission.
–Why do we analyze the Mission?
•It’s what our boss wants us to do! (one and two levels up).
Mission Analysis
TMTET-C

25. •MISSION (Analysis of Mission)
–Nested Concept
–Our Mission is a
piece of the big pie
Mission Analysis
TMTET-C
BNBN
BNCO
CO
PLTPLT
PLT

26. •MISSION (Analysis of Mission)
Mission Analysis
TMTET-C
HORIZONTAL NESTING
VERTICAL
NESTING

27. Mission Essential Task
•Failure to accomplish a mission essential task results in the
units failure to accomplish its primary purpose for that
operation.
•A mission essential task is the most important task to be
achieved in any mission.
•In a well written OPORD the mission essential task will be
found in the maneuver paragraph.

28. •MISSION – Specified and Implied Tasks
Mission Analysis
TMTET-C
A task is a clearly defined and measurable activity accomplished
by soldiers or units:
A. DIRECTED AGAINST ENEMY :
FIND, BLOCK, INTERDICT, DELAY, DESTROY, OR
RECONNOITER
B. DIRECTED AGAINST TERRAIN:
SEIZE, SECURE, CLEAR, OCCUPY, OR RETAIN
C. DIRECTED TO FRIENDLY FORCES:
GUARD, SCREEN, OR SECURE.

29. Specified Tasks
Specified Tasks: Are tasks specifically assigned to a
subordinate unit by higher headquarters.
Examples:
Occupy BP 1.
Establish Patrol Base vic grid GL 664091.
Construct wire obstacle.

30. Implied Tasks
Implied Tasks: Are those tasks that must be performed in
order to accomplish the specified task, but which are not
stated in the higher headquarters’ order.
THEY ARE NOT ROUTINE OR SOP.
Examples:
Inspect and restock CLS bag.
Ensure batteries work in all electronic equipment.
PCC/PCI

31. Constraints
•Two Types:
–Those that require action
–Those that prohibit action
Examples:
Require Prohibit
Hard TimesBoundaries
MOPP levels Radio silence

32. •TERRAIN AND WEATHER
–This analysis allows you to see the battlefield
more clearly—you won’t be planning your
mission in a vacuum.
–Terrain analysis will aid you in route selection
and arraying your forces.
–Terrain and weather affect your movement
speed, direction of attack, smoke deployment,
etc.
Mission Analysis
TMTET-C

33. AO vs. AI
•Area of Operations (AO)—A geographical area,
including the airspace above, usually defined by
lateral, forward, and rear boundaries assigned to
a commander, by a higher commander, in which
he has responsibility and the authority to conduct
military operations.
•Area of Interest (AI)—A geographical area…
[that] includes any threat forces or
characteristics of the battlefield environment that
will significantly influence accomplishment of the
command’s mission.

34. Classification of Terrain
•UNRESTRICTED: Indicates terrain free of constraints to
movement. Nothing needs to be done to enhance mobility.
•RESTRICTED: Hinders movement to some degree. Little
effort is needed to enhance mobility but units are unable to
move at desired speeds or combat formations.
•SEVERELY RESTRICTED : Hinders or slows
movement in combat formations unless some effort is
made to enhance mobility (i.e. Engineer Assets).
Mission Analysis
TMTET-C

35. Classification of Terrain
How would the classifications of
Severely Restricted, Restricted, and
Unrestricted terrain differ for
mechanized forces and light forces?
Mission Analysis
TMTET-C

36. •O bstacles
•A venues of Approach
•K ey Terrain
•O bservation and Fields of Fire
•C over and Concealment
Mission Analysis
TMTET-C
T ERRAIN AND WEATHER

37. Terrain Analysis
Obstacles
Any natural or manmade obstruction that canalizes,
delays, stops, restricts, or diverts movement.
•Classified as existing and reinforcing.
•Existing obstacles are classified as natural or man-
made.
•Reinforcing obstacles are classified as tactical or
protective.

38. Terrain Analysis
Existing Obstacles
•Natural obstacles involve terrain, topography,
and/or physical characteristics that affect or
impede movement.
•Man-made obstacles involve human influence
that affect or impede maneuver or
arrangement.

39. Terrain Analysis
Reinforcing Obstacles
•Tactical Obstacles: Those obstacles
employed to disrupt enemy formations, to
turn them into a desired area, to fix them in
position under direct and indirect fires, or to
block enemy penetrations.
•Protective Obstacles: Obstacles employed
to assist a unit in its local, close-in
protection.

40. Terrain Analysis
Avenues of Approach
An air or ground route of an attacking force of a given size
leading to its objective or to key terrain in its path.
Mobility Corridor - Areas where a force will be canalized
due to terrain restrictions. They allow military forces to
capitalize on mass and tempo.
Avenues of Approach are a series of Mobility Corridors
that are mutually supporting and linked together.

41. Terrain Analysis
Key Terrain
•Any locality or area where the seizure, retention, or
control of affords a marked advantage to either
combatant.
•Examples:
– Terrain with good observation over AoAs
– Terrain providing cover of an obstacle
– Terrain dominating a road junctions
– Dominant high ground

42. Terrain Analysis
Observation and Fields of Fire
•Observation is the area which one can see from a
given position.
•Fields of Fire is the area which a weapon or group of
weapons may cover effectively with fire from a given
position.
•Considerations: Line of sight,
• inter-visibility lines, foliage, etc.

43. Terrain Analysis
Cover and Concealment
•Cover is protection from the
effects of direct and indirect
fires.
•Concealment is protection from
observation.

44. Military Aspects of Terrain
•Make a Graphic Terrain Overlay (GTO) to make the 5
aspects stand out:
–Obstacles—Restrictive, Severely Restrictive
–Avenues of Approach—Non-Restrictive, Roads
–Cover and Concealment
•Where is the map green? Better C&C
•Where is it white? Worse C&C
–Observation and Fields of Fire
•Opposite rule of thumb from C&C
•High ground to low ground, ridgelines, IV lines
–Key Terrain—Given the other four aspects, what
ground gives a distinct advantage to owning it? Why?
•Apply this to your COA Sketch

45. Weather
•Visibility
•Winds
•Temperature
•Precipitation
•Cloud Cover
FM 7-10 pg 2-21

46. Terrain Analysis
Other Considerations
•Seasonal effects
•Vegetation
•Drainage
•Soil Composition
•Intervisibility Lines (IV lines)
•Cultural/Religious Obstacles (landmarks)
•Slope

47. •Determining slope is an important aspect of evaluating terrain
•Slope type affects fields of fire (friendly & enemy)
•Slope type affects cover and concealment (friendly &
enemy)
4 different types of slope
•GENTLE
•STEEP
•CONCAVE
•CONVEX
•Why is determining slope important?
Slope
Slope type and Line of Sight analysis determine how
you employ direct and indirect fires and where you
can move your forces

48. Gentle
Gentle. Contour lines showing a uniform, gentle slope will be evenly
spaced and wide apart. Considering relief only, a uniform, gentle
slope allows the defender to use grazing fire. The attacking force has
to climb a slight incline.

49. Steep
Steep. Contour lines showing a uniform, steep slope on a map will be
evenly spaced, but close together. Remember, the closer the contour lines,
the steeper the slope. Considering relief only, a uniform, steep slope allows
the defender to use grazing fire, and the attacking force has to negotiate a
steep incline.

50. Concave
Concave. Concave slope on a map will be represented by contour lines closely
spaced at the top of the terrain feature and widely spaced at the bottom.
Considering relief only, the defender at the top of the slope can observe the
entire slope and the terrain at the bottom, but he cannot use grazing fire. The
attacker would have no cover from the defender's observation of fire, and his
climb would become more difficult as he got farther up the slope.

51. Convex
Convex. Contour lines showing a convex slope on a map will be widely spaced
at the top and closely spaced at the bottom. Considering relief only, the
defender at the top of the convex slope can obtain a small distance of grazing
fire, but he cannot observe most of the slope or the terrain at the bottom. The
attacker will have concealment on most of the slope and an easier climb as he
nears the top.

52. Types Of Terrain Features
•4 major terrain features
–Hill, Ridge, Valley, Saddle
•6 minor terrain features
–Draw, Spur, Cut, Fill, Depression, Cliff
So What? Proper understanding of terrain features
and how they come together assist in evaluating
the military use of the terrain

53. Hill

Hill. A hill is an area of high ground. From a hilltop, the ground
slopes down in all directions. A hill is shown on a map by contour
lines forming concentric circles. The inside of the smallest closed
circle is the hilltop.

54. Saddle
Saddle. A saddle is a dip or low point between two areas of higher
ground. A saddle is not necessarily the lower ground between two
hilltops; it may be simply a dip or break along a level ridge crest. If
you are in a saddle, there is high ground in two opposite directions
and lower ground in the other two directions. A saddle is normally
represented as an hourglass.

55. Valley
Valley. A valley is a stretched-out groove in the land, usually formed by streams or
rivers. A valley begins with high ground on three sides, and usually has a course of
running water through it. If standing in a valley, three directions offer high ground, while
the fourth direction offers low ground. Depending on its size and where a person is
standing, it may not be obvious that there is high ground in the third direction, but water
flows from higher to lower ground. Contour lines forming a valley are either U-shaped or
V-shaped. To determine the direction water is flowing, look at the contour lines. The
closed end of the contour line (U or V) always points upstream or toward high ground.

56. Ridge
Ridge. A ridge is a sloping line of high ground. If you are standing on the centerline of a
ridge, you will normally have low ground in three directions and high ground in one
direction with varying degrees of slope. If you cross a ridge at right angles, you will climb
steeply to the crest and then descend steeply to the base. When you move along the
path of the ridge, depending on the geographic location, there may be either an almost
unnoticeable slope or a very obvious incline. Contour lines forming a ridge tend to be U-
shaped or V-shaped. The closed end of the contour line points away from high ground.

57. Draw
Draw. A draw is a less developed stream course than a valley. In a draw, there
is essentially no level ground and, therefore, little or no maneuver room within
its confines. If you are standing in a draw, the ground slopes upward in three
directions and downward in the other direction. A draw could be considered as
the initial formation of a valley. The contour lines depicting a draw are U-
shaped or V-shaped, pointing toward high ground.

58. Spur
Spur. A spur is a short, continuous sloping line of higher ground, normally
jutting out from the side of a ridge. A spur is often formed by two rough parallel
streams, which cut draws down the side of a ridge. The ground sloped down in
three directions and up in one direction. Contour lines on a map depict a spur
with the U or V pointing away from high ground.

59. Terrain features do not normally stand a lone. To better understand these when
they are depicted on a map, you need to interpret them.

60. Techniques to assist in Terrain
Analysis
•SOSES
•Ridgelining
•Streamlining
•Profiling (Line of Sight Analysis)

61. Ridgelining. This technique helps you to visualize the overall lay of the ground
within the area of interest on the map. Follow these steps:

(1)
  Identify on the map the crests of the ridgelines in your area of operation
by identifying the close-out contours that lie along the hilltop.
(2)
  Trace over the crests so each ridgeline stands out clearly as one
identifiable line.
(3)
  Go back over each of the major ridgelines and trace over the prominent
ridges and spurs that come out of the ridgelines.
**The usual colors used for this tracing are red or brown; When you have
completed the ridgelining process, you will find that the high ground on the map
will stand out and that you will be able to see the relationship between the
various ridgelines**
Ridgelining

62. Streamlining. This procedure is similar to that of ridgelining.
(1)
  Identify all the mapped streams in the area of operations.
(2)
  Trace over them to make them stand out more prominently.
(3)
  Then identify other low ground, such as smaller valleys or
draws that feed into the major streams, and trace over them.
This brings out the drainage pattern and low ground in the area of
operation on the map. The color used for this is usually blue
Streamlining

63. A profile can be used for many purposes. The primary purpose is
to determine if line of sight is available. Line of sight is used—
(1)
  To determine defilade positions.
(2)
  To plot hidden areas or dead space

(3)
  To determine potential direct fire weapon positions.
(4)
  To determine potential locations for defensive positions
(5)
  To conduct preliminary planning in locating roads, pipelines,
railroads, or other construction projects.
Profiling
Not as complicated as it looks once you practice it

64. (1) Draw a line on the map from where the start point to the desired endpoint
(2) Find the value of the highest and lowest contour lines that touch the profile line.
(3)
  Select a piece of lined notebook paper and number each line starting with the
lowest contour interval up to the highest contour interval
(4)
  Place the notebook paper on the map parallel to the line you drew in step 1. Leave
about an inch of space between your notebook paper and the line on the map
(5)
  From every point on the profile line where a contour line or stream crosses or
touches, make a tick mark on the paper on the appropriate contour interval. When
considering vegetation add the height of the trees assuming the height of the trees
to be 15 meters where dark green tint is shown on the map.
(6) Once all the tick marks are on your paper, connect the tick marks with a smooth,
natural curve to form a horizontal view (profile) of the terrain along the profile line
(7)
  Draw a straight line from the start point to the end point on the profile. If the straight
line intersects the curved profile, line of sight to the end point is not available
(8) The vertical distance between navigable ground up to the line of sight line is the
depth of defilade
(9) When time is short, or when a complete profile is not needed, just make tick marks
for the hilltops, ridges, and if desired, the valleys. This is called a hasty profile.
Profiling for LOS Analysis

65. Summary
Troop Leading Procedures
•1. Receive Mission
•2. Issue the Warning Order
•3. Make a Tentative Plan
•4. Initiate Movement
•5. Conduct Reconnaissance
•6. Complete the Plan
•7. Issue the Order
•8. Supervise

66. Summary
•Receive the Mission
–Determine Platoon’s Mission (Task, Purpose)
–Conduct initial time analysis (to plan and to execute)
•Issue WARNO (4 or 5 paragraph format)
•First two steps of TMTET-C (Mission Analysis)
–Analysis of mission
–Analysis of terrain/weather

67. QUESTIONS?

68. HOMEWORK
•Study for Quiz 1 (review reading from
advance sheet)
•Start Analysis of Mission worksheet
•Terrain overlay (GTO), terrain
description (OAKOC matrix), and
weather
•Complete take-home graphics quiz
•Complete Warning Order