35001622039__Soumen this is the ppt of b

This is a ppt of model organisms

1. TOPIC: MODEL ORGANISM AND CLASSIFICATION NAME – SOUMEN DAS DEPARTMENT - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ROLL NO – 35001622039 REG NO – 223500110137 SUBJECT – BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS SUBJECT CODE – BS-EE301 SEMESTER – 3 𝑟𝑑 YEAR – 2 nd SESSION – 2022-2026 COLLEGE – RAMKRISHNA MAHATO GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PURULIA

2. A model organism refers to a species of organism that is studied extensively in scientific research due to its biological characteristics, ease of manipulation, and relevance to understanding broader biological principles. Model organisms are chosen because they offer advantages that make them particularly suitable for experimentation and investigation, often allowing researchers to draw conclusions that can be applied to other organisms, including humans. Characteristics that make a species a good model organism include: 1. **Short Generation Time:** Model organisms typically have relatively short lifecycles, which allows researchers to observe multiple generations in a relatively short period of time. This is beneficial for studying traits that are inherited. 2. **Small Size:** A smaller organism is easier and less expensive to maintain and manipulate in a laboratory setting. 3. **Simple Anatomy:** A simpler anatomical structure can aid in understanding basic biological processes. 4. **Genetic Similarity:** Some model organisms have genetic similarities to humans, making them useful for studying diseases and genetic traits that are relevant to human health. 5. **Availability and Ease of Breeding:** Model organisms are readily available and can be bred in large numbers, which is crucial for conducting experiments and obtaining statistically significant results. What do you mean by model organism :

3. 6. Well-Characterized Genome: Having a well-sequenced and annotated genome allows researchers to easily identify and study genes and their functions. 7. Ethical Considerations: Using model organisms can help avoid ethical concerns associated with conducting certain types of research on humans or other animals. Some well-known examples of model organisms include: - Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster): Used to study genetics, development, and behaviour. - Mouse (Mus musculus): Widely used for studying mammalian genetics, physiology, and diseases. - Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Used to study embryonic development and genetics. - Roundworm (Caenorhabditis elegans): Studied for its simple nervous system and development. - Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae): Used to study cellular processes and genetics. - Arabidopsis thaliana: A plant used to study genetics and molecular biology. - Escherichia coli (E. coli): Used to study bacterial genetics and molecular biology. These organisms have provided invaluable insights into various aspects of biology, and findings from their research often have implications for understanding human health, genetics, development, and disease.

4. Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are considered model organisms due to their distinct characteristics and the advantages they offer for scientific research. 1. Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly): - Short Generation Time: Fruit flies have a relatively short lifecycle, allowing researchers to observe multiple generations quickly. - Simple Genetics: They have a well-characterized genome and a relatively small number of chromosomes, making them suitable for genetic studies. - Genetic Manipulation: Fruit flies are easy to manipulate genetically, which has enabled the discovery of fundamental principles of genetics and development. - Developmental Biology: The fruit fly's development is well-understood, making it an excellent model for studying embryonic development and pattern formation. - Evolutionary Studies: Fruit flies are diverse, and their genetics can be used to study evolutionary processes and adaptations. 2. Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm): - Simple Anatomy: C. elegans has a relatively simple body plan with a small number of cells, making it ideal for studying cell lineage and development. - Transparent Body: The transparency of C. elegans allows researchers to observe internal processes, such as organ development and cell division, under a microscope. Why D. Melanogaster ,C . Elegans and E . Coli are considered as model organisms?

5. - Fully Mapped Nervous System: The roundworm's nervous system is entirely mapped, making it valuable for neuroscience and the study of behavior. - Genetic Control: Researchers can easily manipulate C. elegans genetics, leading to insights into gene function and regulation. 3. Escherichia coli (E. coli): - Rapid Reproduction: E. coli bacteria can reproduce very quickly, making them ideal for studying bacterial genetics, mutations, and evolution. - Simple Genetics: The genetic makeup of E. coli is well understood, enabling researchers to study fundamental cellular processes. - Bacterial Genetics: E. coli has played a significant role in understanding gene expression, regulation, and the operon model. - Gene Expression: The regulation of gene expression in E. coli serves as a basic model for understanding gene regulation in other organisms. These model organisms have been extensively studied over the years and have contributed immensely to our understanding of genetics, development, evolution, and various cellular processes. Their relatively simple and well-characterized biology, along with the ability to manipulate their genetics, makes them invaluable tools for advancing biological research and addressing broader biological questions.

6. An example of a model organism from the field of microbiology: Escherichia coli (E. coli): E. coli is a common bacterium and is often used as a model organism in microbiology and molecular biology. Its rapid growth, well-understood genetics, and ease of manipulation make it an excellent tool for studying basic cellular processes, bacterial genetics, gene regulation, and other aspects of microbiology. E. coli has played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of genetics and molecular biology. Name one branch species which is considered as a model organism: Define classification: classification involves organizing living organisms into a hierarchical system of taxonomic ranks, including domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This system, known as taxonomy, reflects the evolutionary relationships between different species.

7. Classification based on carbon sources and energy utilization is a fundamental way to categorize microorganisms according to their metabolic characteristics. This classification provides insights into how microorganisms obtain energy and carbon for their growth and survival. There are two main categories in this classification: autotrophs and heterotrophs, and within these categories, further distinctions can be made based on energy sources. 1. Autotrophs: Autotrophic microorganisms are capable of synthesizing their own organic compounds from inorganic sources. They are self-sustaining in terms of carbon assimilation. Autotrophs can be further divided into two groups based on their energy sources: - Photoautotrophs : These microorganisms use light energy to convert inorganic carbon (usually carbon dioxide) into organic compounds through photosynthesis. Examples include cyanobacteria and certain types of algae. - Chemoautotrophs: Chemoautotrophic microorganisms obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds such as hydrogen, sulfur, or iron. They use this energy to fix carbon dioxide and produce organic molecules. Some bacteria found in extreme environments, like hydrothermal vents, fall into this category. Write a brief note on classification based on carbon sources and energy utilization:

8. 2. Heterotrophs: Heterotrophic microorganisms cannot synthesize their own organic compounds from inorganic sources. They rely on external organic sources for both carbon and energy. Heterotrophs are also divided into two groups based on their energy sources: - Photoheterotrophs: These microorganisms use light energy for their metabolic processes but require organic compounds as a carbon source. They do not fix carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Examples include some types of bacteria and certain aquatic microorganisms. - Chemoheterotrophs: Chemoheterotrophic microorganisms obtain both energy and carbon from organic sources. They break down complex organic molecules into simpler compounds through processes like respiration or fermentation. Most animals, fungi, and many bacteria, including common pathogens, are chemoheterotrophs. This classification based on carbon sources and energy utilization is crucial for understanding the ecological roles of microorganisms in various environments. It highlights the diverse strategies microorganisms use to obtain the necessary resources for growth and survival, contributing to the overall balance of ecosystems and nutrient cycling. Thank You!