3D BIOPRINTING

3D Bioprinting methods,applications,current progress.

1. 3D BIOPRINTING Under The Guidance Of: Mrs. SYEDA MISBHA FATHIMA Lecturer , PG Department of Biotechnology ,Sahyadri Science College,Shivamogga KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY PG Department of Biotechnology Sahyadri Science College, Shivamogga SUBIMITTED BY: Mr. MOHAMMED FAIZAN IYEAR ,II SEM SAHYADRI SCIENCE COLLEGE ,SHIVAMOGGA

2. CONTENTS BOFFIN 1.INTRODUCTION 2.HISTORY 3.TYPES 4.PROCESS 5.APPLICATIONS 6.LIMITATIONS 7.CONCLUSION 8.REFERENCE Mohammed Faizan

3. Mohammed Faizan

4. 3D BIOPRINTERS? Bio printers work in almost the exact same way as 3D printers, with one key difference. Instead of delivering materials such as plastic, ceramic, metal or food, they deposit layers of biomaterial, that may include living cells, to build complex structures like blood vessels or skin tissue . Well, every tissue in the body is naturally made up of different cell types. So the required cells (kidney cells, skin cells and so on) are taken from a patient and then cultivated until there are enough to create the ‘bio-ink’, which is loaded into the printer. Using 3D bio-printing for fabricating biological constructs typically involves dispensing cells onto a biocompatible scaffold using a successive layer-by-layer approach to generate tissue-like three-dimensional structures . Mohammed Faizan

5. WHY?  Each day 79 receive organ each day while 18 will die from a lack of one . Most needed organs are kidneys, livers, lungs, hearts. Mohammed Faizan

6. BIO PRINTERS COST: 2021 :  Price: $25,000 . Roughly INR -18,64,000 Mohammed Faizan

7. NovoGen MMX Organovo made the first commercially used bioprinter, called NovoGen MMX, which is the world's first production 3D bioprinter. The printer has two robotic print heads. One places human cells and the other places a hydrogel, scaffold, or other type of support. Mohammed Faizan

8. COMPONENTS OF BIOPRINITNG: MICROGEL AND BIOINK Micro-gel Unlike the ink you load into your printer at home, bio-ink is alive, so it needs food, water and oxygen to survive. This nurturing environment is provided by a micro-gel think gelatin enriched with vitamins, proteins and other life-sustaining compounds. Researchers either mix cells with the gel before printing or extrude the cells from one print head, micro-gel from the other. Either way, the gel helps the cells stay suspended and prevents them from settling and clumping. Bioink Organs are made of tissues, and tissues are made of cells. To print an organ, a scientist must be able to deposit cells specific to the organ he hopes to build . For example , to create a liver, It would start with hepatocytes the essential cells of a liver as well as other supporting cells. These cells form a special material known as bio ink, which is placed in the reservoir of the printer and then extruded through the print head. As the cells accumulate on the platform and become embedded in the micro gel, they assume a three-dimensional shape that resembles a human organ. Alternatively, the scientist could start with a bio ink consisting of stem cells, which, after the printing process, have the potential to differentiate into the desired target cells. Either way, Bioink is simply a medium, and a bioprinter is an output device Mohammed Faizan

9. Mohammed Faizan

10. METHODS OF 3DBIOPRINITING: LASER-BASED : Uses laser assisted technology to project the ink droplets onto the substrate. Laser pulses trigger when hits the laser absorbing layer, the area where the laser hit evaporates and the high gas pressure generated propels the biomaterial onto the substrate.  Faizan Mohammed Faizan

11. EXTRUSION-BASED : Reduced amounts of shear stress . The bio ink rests at the cylindrical deposit waiting for the pneumatic or mechanical pressure, as pulse or continued, from a piston which propels the biomaterial through a nozzle onto the substrate. Mohammed Faizan

12. Inkjet-BASED: Cheapest technology . In this method ,the bio ink is stored in a cartridge . These chambers are very small and have a controlled actuator (piezoelectric or heating element) that projects the bio- ink onto the substrate. Mohammed Faizan

13. How do they print an organ? Mohammed Faizan

14. First , doctors make CT or MRI scans of the desired organ . Next , they load the images into a computer and build a corresponding 3- D blueprint of the structure using CAD software . Combining this 3-D data with histological information collected from years of microscopic analysis of tissues, scientists build a slice-by-slice model of the patient's organ. Each slice accurately reflects how the unique cells and the surrounding cellular matrix fit together in three-dimensional space . After that, it's a matter of hitting File > Print, which sends the modeling data to the bio-printer. The printer outputs the organ one layer at a time, using bio-ink and gel to create the complex multicellular tissue and hold it in place . Finally , scientists remove the organ from the printer and place it in an incubator, where the cells in the bio-ink enjoy some warm, quiet downtime to start living and working together Last step and the challenging one! The final step of this process -- making printed organ cells behave like native cells -- has been challenging. Some scientists recommend that bio-printing be done with a patient's stem cells. After being deposited in their required three-dimensional space, they would then differentiate into mature cells, with all of the instructions about how to "behave." Then, of course, there's the issue of getting blood to all of the cells in a printed organ Mohammed Faizan

15. Mohammed Faizan

16. ADVANTAGES: The major advantages of Bioprinitng technology include: • Scalable reproducible mass production of tissue engineered products. • Accurate 3D positioning of different types of cells Simultaneously achievable. • Tissues with a high cell density level can be printed and cultured. • Thick tissue constructs can be vascularized. • In situ printing/dispense of cells . Newly developed drugs can be tested out on manufactured cells than on animals and humans. It will lead to a huge reduction in cost and time. Artificial organ personalized using patients own cells. Eliminate need for immunosuppressant drugs needed after a regular organ transplant. Eliminate organ donation. No waiting period Mohammed Faizan

17. DISADVANTAGES: Vascularization. Immune rejection. Biocompatibility. Mohammed Faizan

18. 3d biopriniting current progress : Kidney Printing: • Dr . Anthony Atala in Berkeley university. • ITOP (Integrated Tissue and Organ Printing)    Ear1 : 250 mm cells and collagen from rat tail make human ear in 15 min. Post-processing 3 months. To serve children with hearing loss due to malformed outer ear.  Kidneys2 : Layer-by-layer building of scaffold and deposition of kidney cells. Assembly to be transplanted into patient. Degradation of scaffold to follow in-vivo. Mohammed Faizan

19. Blood Vessels3 : Rigid but non-toxic sugar filaments form core. Cells deposited around filaments. Subsequent blood flow dissolves sugar. Skin grafts1 : laser scan wound to determine depth and area. One inkjet ejects enzymes and second, cells. Layer is finally sealed by human skin cells. Useful in war and disaster zones. Bones2 : Print scaffold with ceramic or Titanium powder . After 1 day in culture of human stem cells, its ready Mohammed Faizan

20. Conclusion: The technology for 3D Bioprinitng is the result of collaboration among scientists and engineers in fields ranging from cell biology to polymer chemistry to mechanical and biomedical engineering and computer science, along with clinicians. While custom-fitted human tissues and organs made from a patient’s cells are ambitious goals, the lessons learned in reaching for those goals are already changing lives Although the technology shows a great deal of promise, there is still a long way to go to practically realize this ambitious vision. Overcoming current impediments in cell and Bio manufacturing technologies, and innovative technologies for in vivo integration are essential for developing seamlessly automated platforms from stem cell isolation to transplantation. Mohammed Faizan

21. REFERENCES: W . Sun, A. Darling, B. Starly, and J. Nam, "Computer ‐ aided tissue engineering: overview, scope and challenges," Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, vol. 39, pp. 29-47, 2004 . 2.Akkouch , A., Yu, Y., Ozbolat, I.T., 2015. Micro fabrication of scaffold-free tissue strands for three-dimensional tissue engineering Bio fabrication. 3.Retrieved from Http :// www.idtechex.com/research/reports/3d-bioprinting-2014-2024 . 4.Retrieved from http://www.robohand.net/about/ Collins, S. Will 3-D Printing Revolutionize Medicine. 5.Retrieved from http :// www.techrepublic.com/article/3d-bioprinting. Mohammed Faizan

22. For attention! f [email protected] Thank You BOFFIN Launch Launch FUNKY TUNES Mohammed Faizan