3D Mensuration._compressed.pdf mathematicz

Alright 👍 I'll create a **comprehensive 3000-word "One Shot Economics for CDS" description** that works as a detailed study guide. It will cover all the major topics from economics relevant to CDS (Combined Defence Services) exam, explained in a single structured document.

Here we go:

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# **Economics CDS One Shot – Complete Study Material**

Economics plays a vital role in the **CDS (Combined Defence Services) Examination**, particularly in the General Knowledge section. While the subject is not tested as deeply as in UPSC Civil Services or other specialized exams, its coverage is broad. It includes fundamental principles of economics, Indian economy, budget, banking, government schemes, international trade, and current developments in the economic sector. Preparing Economics in a **“One Shot” manner** means going through all important concepts, facts, and current affairs in a concise yet comprehensive way.

This description is designed to cover **all major areas of Economics for CDS** in about 3000 words, so that aspirants can rely on a single source to strengthen their preparation.

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## **1. Basics of Economics**

### What is Economics?

Economics is the study of how societies allocate scarce resources to produce goods and services and distribute them among individuals. It is divided into two major branches:

* **Microeconomics** – Focuses on individuals, households, firms, and markets. Deals with demand, supply, price mechanism, and efficiency.
* **Macroeconomics** – Deals with the entire economy, covering topics like national income, inflation, unemployment, monetary and fiscal policy, and economic growth.

### Key Concepts:

* **Scarcity & Choice** – Resources are limited, so societies must make choices.
* **Opportunity Cost** – The cost of the next best alternative forgone.
* **Utility** – Satisfaction derived from consumption of goods/services.
* **Production Possibility Curve (PPC)** – Shows trade-offs between two goods.

In the CDS exam, questions may be direct, like: *“What is opportunity cost?”* or applied: *“If PPC shifts rightward, what does it indicate?”*

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## **2. Indian Economy: Evolution and Structure**

### Pre-Independence Economy:

* India was a colonial economy under British rule.
* Dominated by agriculture, low industrialization, high poverty, and poor infrastructure.
* Drain of wealth theory (by Dadabhai Naoroji) explained how British policies extracted India’s resources.

### Post-Independence Development:

After 1947, India adopted a **mixed economy model**: a combination of public sector control and private enterprise.

* **Planning Commission** was set up in 1950.
* **Five-Year Plans** guided economic policy till 2014.
* After 2015, **NITI Aayog** replaced Planning Commission.

### Structural Changes:

* Agriculture contributed the most to GDP in 1950s, but now its share is less than 20%.
* Industry and services sectors expanded.
* Today, **services sector** (IT, finance, trade, transport) dominates Indian

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Cuboid
Units :-
CSA / LSA = 2(l+b) × h
Area of walls = Peri. of floor × Height
TSA = 2(lb + bh + hl)
Longest rod = Diagonal = √l²+ b²+h²
Vol = l×b×h

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Cube
LSA = 4s²
TSA = 6s²
Vol = s³
Diagonal = s√3

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Cylinder
CSA
TSA
Vol
Hollow
CSA =
TSA =
Vol =
Vol of Material of Hollow
Cylinder =

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Cylinder

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Cone
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Frustum of Cone
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TSA
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l

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Sphere
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TSA
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Hemisphere
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