4 2 pteridophytes -selaginella

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1. ANCILLARY BOTANY
PLANT DIVERSITY
4-2
PTERIDOPHYTES
-SELAGINELLA
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2. SELAGINELLA
POINTS TO REMEMBER
⚫Commonly called Spike Moss.
⚫Plant body is Diploid Sporophyte.
⚫Perennial Herb.
⚫Presence of Unbranched Root like Structures called Rhizophores.
⚫Rhizophore is Monarch
⚫Have Two Sub-Genus called Homoeophyllumand Heterophyllum.
⚫Leaves are Ligulate.
⚫Leaf has Ligule.
⚫Stele is Protostele
⚫Sporangia are Eusporangiate type.
⚫Selaginella is HeterosporousPteridophytes.
⚫Selaginella is Ligulate Pteridophytes.
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3. SELAGINELLA
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
SYSTEMATIC POSITION
▪DIVISION : LYCOPHYTA
▪CLASS: LIGULOPSIDA
▪ORDER: SELAGINELLA
▪FAMILY : SELAGINELLACEAE
▪GENUS : SELAGINELLA
▪SPECIES: 700
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4. SELAGINELLA
STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY
STRUCTURE OF SELAGINELLA or
STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY of SELAGINELLA or
STRUCTURE OF SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF SELAGINELLA
⚫Selaginella is commonly called Spike Moss.
⚫It is Live in Moist and Shady Places of Forest.
⚫The Plant Body is Diploid Sporophyte.
⚫The Sporophyte is Perennial Herb consists of
▪Root
▪Stem
▪Leaves
▪Rhizophores and
▪Cones
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5. SELAGINELLA
STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY
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6. SELAGINELLA
STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY
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ROOT
•ItisAdventitious
RootSystem.
•Itisusedfor
Fixation and
Absorption.
STEM
•StemisErector
Prostrate and
Herbaceous.
•Branches are
Dichotomous

7. SELAGINELLA
STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY
RHIZOPHORE
⚫It is a Leafless, Cylindrical, Positively Geotropicstructure End with
Adventitious Roots.
⚫It develops from the Forking Places of Stem.
⚫It is used for Additional Support.
LEAVES
⚫The Leaves are Small (Microphyllous), Sessile and Arranged in
Spirally on the Stem.
⚫Each leaf has only an unbranched mid vein.
⚫Each Leaf Produces a Tongue shaped Membranous structure on
the Dorsal side at the Base called Ligule. So the leaves are called
ligulate.
⚫The ligules secretes water that protect the sporangia and young
leaves from dryness.
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8. SELAGINELLA
STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY
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CONES or STROBILI
•Cones are Spore Producing
ReproductiveStructuresformedatthe
TipofBranches.
•Eachconeorstrobiluscontainsmany
Sporophylls.
•EachSporophyllhasSporeproducing
specialstructurecalledSporangium.

9. SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEM
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF
SELAGINELLA STEM
The Transverse Section
(T.S) of Selaginella stem shows
Epidermis
Cortex and
Stele.
EPIDERMIS
•ItisanOuterMost
MulticellularUnilayer.
•CuticleisPresent.
•StomataareAbsent.
•ItGivesProtectiontothe
InternalTissues.
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10. SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEM
CORTEX
⚫It is a Tissue Present Below the Epidermis.
⚫It is made up of
▪Outer Sclerenchyma
▪Middle Parenchyma and
▪Inner Endodermis.
⚫The outer Sclerenchyma is also called Hypodermis, it gives
mechanical support.
⚫The Parenchyma Cells of Cortex Involved in Storage.
⚫In Young Stem, the Endodermis is Unilayer.
⚫In Old Stem, the Endodermis is modified into radially elongated
cells called Trabeculae that form many air chambers or lacuna in
the inner part of cortex.
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11. SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEM
STELE
⚫It is an innermost conductive tissue.
⚫Stele is Protostele that is xylem is surrounded by phloem.
⚫Stele may be
▪Monostelic -presence of one stele
▪Distelic -presence of two steles
▪Tristelic -presence of three steles
⚫Stele consists of
▪Pericycle and
▪Vascular tissue.
⚫Pericycle is a multicellular Unilayer and it encloses the vascular
tissue
⚫Vascular Tissue consists of
▪Xylem and
▪Phloem
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12. XYLEM
⚫Xylem is made up of
▪Tracheids and
▪Xylem parenchyma and
▪Xylem Fiber
⚫Xylem is consists of
▪Protoxylem and
▪Metaxylem
⚫The Metaxylem present at the Centre and Protoxylem towards outside. So
the Xylem is Exarch.
⚫The Protoxylem ends with two points. So theXylem is Diarch.
PHLOEM
⚫Phloem is made up of
▪Sieve cells and
▪Phloem parenchyma and
▪Phloem Fiber
PITH-Pith is absent.
SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEM
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13. SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF RHIZOPHORE
INTERNALSTRUCTUREOF
SELAGINELLA RHIZOPHORE
TheT.SofSelaginella
Rhizophoreshows
▪Epidermis
▪Cortexand
▪Stele.
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14. SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF RHIZOPHORE
EPIDERMIS
⚫It is an Outer Most Multicellular Unilayer.
⚫Cuticle is Present.
⚫Stomata are Absent.
⚫It gives Protection to the internal tissue.
CORTEX
⚫It is a tissue present below the epidermis.
⚫It is made up of
▪Outer Sclerenchyma
▪Middle Parenchyma and
▪Inner Endodermis.
⚫The Inner Most Cells of cortex are arranged in a layer is
called Endodermis.
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15. SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF RHIZOPHORE
STELE
⚫It is an innermost conductive tissue.
⚫Stele is Protostele that is xylem is surrounded by phloem.
⚫It consists of
▪Pericycle and
▪Vascular Tissue
⚫Pericycle is multicellular Unilayer that enclose the vascular
tissue.
⚫Vascular Tissue is consists of
▪Xylem and
▪Phloem
⚫Xylem is Exarch & Monarch
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16. SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ROOT
INTERNAL STRUCTURE
OFSELAGINELLA ROOT
TheT.SofSelaginella
Rootshows
•Epidermis
•Cortexand
•Stele.
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17. SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ROOT
EPIDERMIS
⚫It is an outer most multicellular Unilayer.
⚫Some Epidermal cells Extent outsides to form Unicellular Root
Hairs.
⚫Root Hairs are involved in absorption
⚫It gives protection to the internal tissue.
CORTEX
⚫It is a tissue present below the epidermis.
⚫It is made up of
⚫Outer Sclerenchyma
⚫Middle Parenchyma and
⚫Inner Endodermis.
⚫The inner most cells of cortex are arranged in a layer is called
endodermis.
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18. SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ROOT
STELE
⚫It is an innermost conductive tissue.
⚫Stele is Protostele that is xylem is surrounded by phloem.
⚫It consists of
▪Pericycle and
▪Vascular Tissue
⚫Pericycle is multicellular unilayerthat enclose the vascular tissue.
⚫Vascular Tissue is consists of
▪Xylem and
▪Phloem
⚫Xylem is Exarch & Monarch
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19. SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAF
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INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF SELAGINELLA LEAF
The T.S of Selaginella Leaf shows
Epidermis
Mesophyll and
Stele

20. SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAF
EPIDERMIS
⚫Itisanoutermostmulticellularunilayer.
⚫Itisoftwotypes
▪UpperEpidermisand
▪LowerEpidermis
⚫Cuticleispresent.
⚫Stomataarepresentinthelowerepidermis.
⚫Theepidermalcellscontainschloroplast
⚫Itgivesprotectiontotheinternaltissueandalsoinvolvedin
photosynthesis
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21. SELAGINELLA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAF
MESOPHYLL
⚫It is a tissue present between upper and lower epidermis.
⚫It is made up of Chlorenchyma Cells with many air spaces.
⚫It is involved in photosynthesis.
STELE
⚫It is an innermost conductive tissue.
⚫Stele is Protostele that is xylem is surrounded by phloem.
⚫It consists of
▪Bundle sheath and
▪Vascular Tissue
⚫Bundle sheath is multicellular unilayerand it encloses the vascular
tissue.
⚫Vascular Tissue is consists of
▪Xylem and
▪Phloem
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22. SELAGINELLA
REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION
Selaginella Reproduced by
▪Vegetative Reproduction and
▪Asexual Reproduction
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
It takes place by
▪Adventitious Branches
▪Tubers and
▪Bulbils
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23. SELAGINELLA
REPRODUCTION
ADVENTITIOUS BRANCHES
•BrancheswhichDevelopsotherthanNormalOriginarecalled
AdventitiousBranches.
•InSelaginella,AdventitiousBranchesareDevelopsfromthe
ProstrateStem.
•Later,thesebranchesaredetachedfromtheparentplantandlive
asIndividualPlants.
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24. SELAGINELLA
REPRODUCTION
TUBERS
⚫Enlargedundergroundstructuresduetothestorageoffoodare
calledTubers.
⚫TubersaredevelopsontheRootorUndergroundbranchesof
Selaginella
⚫Duringunfavorableseason,whentheaerialpartsdie,thetubers
areretainunderthesoilindormantcondition
⚫Later,infavorableseasonthetubersgerminateintonewplants.
BULBILS
⚫TheAerialRestingBudsarecalledBulbils.
⚫Bulbilsaredevelopsontheaerialbranches
⚫Later,thesebudsdetachedandgrownintonewplants.
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25. SELAGINELLA
REPRODUCTION -ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
⚫The Plant Body of Selaginella is a Diploid Sporophyte
⚫It reproduces asexually by spores through the special structure
called Cones or Strobili
⚫Selaginella is a Heterospores, it Produces Two Types of Spores
namely
▪Microspores and
▪Megaspores.
⚫
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26. SELAGINELLA
REPRODUCTION -ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
CONE OR STROBILUS
•Cones are asexual
reproductive structure
formedatthetipof
branches
•Coneisconicalinshape
andithasmulticellular
stalk.
•Eachconeconsistsof
coneaxiswithnumerous
spirally arranged
Sporophylls
•TheSporophyllsaretwo
types
•Microsporophyllsand
•Megasporophylls
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27. SELAGINELLA
REPRODUCTION -ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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CONE
MICROSPOROPHYLLS MEGASPOROPHYLLS
MICROSPORE
MOTHER CELLS
MEGASPORE
MOTHER CELL
MEGASPORANGIUMMICROSPORANGIUM
MICROSPORES MEGASPORES

28. SELAGINELLA
REPRODUCTION -ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
⚫AconeismadeupofMicrosporophyllsorMegasporophylls
orMicrosporophyllsandMegasporophylls.
⚫TheMicrosporophyllproduceMicrosporangiuminitsaxil
andMegasporophyllproduceMegasporangiuminitsaxil.
⚫BothSporangiahavemulticellularstalkandEusporangiate
type.
⚫InMicrosporangium,theMicrosporeMotherCellsUndergo
MeiosisandProduceNumerousHaploidMicrospores.
⚫InMegasporangium,theSingleFunctionalMegaspore
MotherCellUndergoesMeiosistoProduce4Haploid
Megaspores.
⚫Thematuremicroandmegasporangiumdehiscebyvertical
slitandliberatespores.
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29. SELAGINELLAL REPRODUCTION
-ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
MICROSPORES
⚫The Microspores is Small, Spherical and Unicellular.
⚫Microspore Consists of
▪Spore Wall and
▪Protoplasm.
⚫The Protoplasm Contains Dense Cytoplasm and a Haploid Nucleus.
MEGASPORES
⚫The Megaspore is Big, Spherical and Unicellular.
⚫Megaspore Consists of
▪Spore Wall and
▪Protoplasm.
⚫Protoplasm Contains Dense Cytoplasm and a Haploid Nucleus with
large vacuole present below the nucleus.
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30. SELAGINELLA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY
⚫The Gametophytic Body of Selaginella is Small and Haploid
⚫The Gametophytic Body of Selaginella is Dioecious that is
the Male and Female Gametophytes are Separated
REPRODUCTION OF GAMETOPHYTIC BODY OF SELAGINELLA
Gametophytic body Reproduce by
▪Sexual Reproduction
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
⚫Sexual Reproduction is Oogamous type.
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31. SELAGINELLA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION
MALE GAMETOPHYTE
•Themicrosporegerminates
anddevelopsintomale
gametophyte of
Selaginella.
•Themalegametophyteis
small,non-green and
contain only one
Antheridium.
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32. SELAGINELLA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION
GERMINATION OF MICROSPORE
⚫Themicrosporeisafirstcellofmalegametophyte
⚫Themicrosporedividestoformtwocellsnamely
▪ProthallialCelland
▪AntheridialCell
⚫TheProthallialCellisaVegetativeCellofMaleGametophyte.
⚫TheAntheridialCelldividesandgivesrisetoMaleSexOrgancalled
Antheridium.
⚫TheAntheridialCelldividesrepeatedlytoform12cellsinwhich
central4areprimaryAndrogonialCellsandouter8areJacket
LayercellsofAntheridium
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33. SELAGINELLA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION
GERMINATION OF MICROSPORE
⚫ThematureMaleGametophyteismadeupof
▪OneProthallialcell
▪FourAndrogonialcellsand
▪EightJacketcells
⚫Usuallythemicrosporesareliberatedin13-Celledconditionfrom
themicrosporangium
⚫TheDevelopmentofMaleGametophyteStartsinsidethe
MicrosporewhichpresentsinsidetheMicrosporangiumupto13-
CelledstageandthenReleasedfromMicrosporangium.
⚫ThefurtherDevelopmentofMaleGametophytetakesplaceonthe
Soil.
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34. SELAGINELLA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION
ANTHERIDIUM
⚫Itissmallglobularstructureandmadeupof
▪OneProthallialcell
▪FourAndrogonialcellsand
▪EightJacketcells
⚫ThecentralAndrogonialcellsdividesrepeatedlytoform256
AndrocytesorAntherozoidalMotherCells.
⚫Later,eachAndrocytemodifyintoBiflagellateMaleGamete
calledAntherozoid.
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35. SELAGINELLA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION
FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE
•The Megaspore
germinates and
developsintoFemale
Gametophyte.
•The Female
GametophyteisLarge,
Greenandcontainsfew
FemaleSexOrgans
calledArchegonia.
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36. SELAGINELLA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION
GERMINATION OF MEGASPORE
⚫TheMegasporeisaFirstCelloftheFemaleGametophyte
⚫Thenucleusofmegasporeundergoesfreenucleardivision
toformmanynuclei
⚫Later,themulticellulargametophyteisformedafterthecell
wallformation
⚫Thematurefemalegametophyteconsistsoftworegions
namely
▪GenerativeRegionand
▪NutritiveRegion
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37. SELAGINELLA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION
GERMINATIONOFMEGASPORE
⚫TheUpperGenerativeRegionisinvolvedinPhotosynthesisand
alsocontainsfewRhizoidsandfewFemaleSexOrganscalled
Archegonia.
⚫TheLowerNutritiveRegionisinvolvedinStorageofFood
Materials.
⚫Thetworegionsisseparatedbyathickwallcalleddiaphragm
⚫TheGerminationandDevelopmentofFemaleGametophyticBody
takesplaceinsidetheMegasporethatpresentinsidethe
MegasporangiumuptotheformationFemaleSexOrgans.
⚫TheFurtherDevelopmenttakesplaceinsoil.
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38. SELAGINELLA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION
ARCHEGONIUM
⚫ItisaFlaskshapedstructureconsistsoftwopartsnamely
▪Venterand
▪Neck.
⚫TheVenterisembeddedinthegametophyteandtheNeckis
projectoutside.
⚫TheLowerVenterisSwollenanditcontains
▪AVentralCanalCelland
▪AFemaleGametecalledEgg.
⚫TheUpperNeckisShortNarrowanditcontainsaNeck
CanalCell.
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39. SELAGINELLA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION
FERTILIZATION
⚫WaterisEssentialforFertilization
⚫Atmaturity,theNeckCanalCellandaVenterCanalCellare
disorganisetoformmucilagemass.
⚫Themucilagemassabsorbwaterandoozeouttoformapassage
fortheentryofmalegametes.
⚫ManymalegametesAntherozoidsareenterintoArchegoniumand
anyonefusewiththefemalegameteEggtoformDiploidZygote.
⚫Later,theZygotedevelopsintomulticellularEmbryo.
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40. SELAGINELLA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION
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EMBRYO
ThematureEmbryoconsistsof4partsnamely
Suspensor
ShootApex
Footand
RootApex

41. SELAGINELLA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY -REPRODUCTION
⚫Thesuspensorkeepstheembryowithinthefemalegametophyte.
⚫Thefootprovidesnourishmentfromthegametophytetotheembryo
⚫Theprimaryrootthatgrowsdownwardsandfixingtheembryointo
thesoil
⚫TheshootapexthatdevelopsintotheyoungSporophyticplant
⚫Finally,theembryodevelopsintodiploidSporophyticbodyof
Selaginella.
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42. LIFE CYCLE OF SELAGINELLA
LIFE CYCLE
⚫TheLifeCycleofSelaginellaisAlternationsofGeneration
anditconsistsofTwoBodiesnamely
▪SporophyticBodyand
▪GametophyticBody
⚫InwhichsporesproducingSporophyticBodyandgametes
producingGametophyticBodyareDependseachotherand
Alternatewithoneanother.
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43. LIFE CYCLE OF SELAGINELLA
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SELAGINELLA
SPOROPHYTIC BODY
MEGASPORANGIUM
MICROSPOROPHYLL
CONE
MEGASPOROPHYLL
MICROSPORES MEGASPORES
MICROSPORANGIUM
EMBRYO
MALE GAMETOPHYTE
FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE
ANTHERIDIUMARCHEGONIA
ZYGOTE
EGG ANTHEROZOID
ADVETITIOUS BRANCHES
BUBILS
TUBERS