4 macromolecules- the BIOMOLECULES OF LIFE.pptx

This lesson deals with 4 macromolecules

1. GUESS YOUR FOOD!

2. This is called “LIFE ”. BIO A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. MOLECULES

3. BIOMOLECULES

4. TERMINAL OBJECTIVES: After an hour, you will be able to: Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. (S10MTIVc-d-22)

5. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION… Yesterday: Atoms  Molecules  Macromolecules… Today we will dig into the four macromolecules that are essential for life to exist.

6. What are the 4 biomolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins TODAY TOMORROW WE TYPICALLY GET BIOMOLECULES FROM FOOD… THIS IS WHY WE MUST EAT IN THE FIRST PLACE! THE BIOMOLECULES SERVE TO KEEP ORGANISMS ALIVE.

7. #1: CARBOHYDRATES ARE SUGARS! We get 4 kilocalories per gram of carbs that we eat!

8. What are Carbohydrates? Most common organic molecule Function : Primary energy source our body needs. Elements present : C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio) Monomer (building block): Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common) Polymer: Polysaccharides (starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin) Examples : Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits, Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!) IMPORTANT!

9. Sugars that make up Carbs

10. Sugars that make up Carbs Single sugar: monosaccharide Ex: glucose , fructose (in fruits) 2 monosaccharides: disaccharide Ex: maltose, sucrose 3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin I am a polysaccharide!

11. Single sugar: Monosaccharides Glucose is found in sports drinks, and in sweet food we eat. Fructose is found in fruits

12. Disaccharides Sucrose (table sugar) 19 Lactose (milk sugar) e.g. yogurt, nestle cream Maltose (grain sugar)

13. 20 Polysaccharide

14. Types of Polysaccharides Starch : Used for energy storage in plants Potatoes, pasta and rice are starches They provide a quick form of energy for the body Glycogen: Used for energy storage in animals I am formed in the Liver!

15. More Polysaccharides Cellulose : Provides structural support in plants (found in the cell wall) Chitin : Found in exoskeletens of arthropods (insects, spiders) Found in cell wall of some fungi GIVES US FIBER!!!

16. Structure of Carbohydrates Remember: Elements are C, H, and O Primarily in a Ring shape

17. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong.

18. #2: LIPIDS ARE FATS We get 9 kcals per gram of fat that we consume.

19. LIPIDS Function : Store energy, Insulates your body, and make up the cell membrane! Elements : C-H-O Monomer (Building blocks) : glycerol & 3 fatty acids Polymer : Phospholipids, triglycerides Example : Steroids, cholesterol, fats, Oils make up part of the cell membrane!

20. LIPIDS Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do not dissolve in water! Lipids can be: Saturated : The bonds between all the carbons are single bonds. Solid at room temperature Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard) Unsaturated : There is at least one double or triple bond between carbons present. Liquid at room temperature Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as oily fish (Tuna, Sardines) Important!

21. LIPID STRUCTURE Remember: Elements present are C, H, O Long strands of Carbon and Hydrogen Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fats CALLED HYDROCARBONS!

22. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong.

23. #3: PROTEINS BUILD US We get 4 kcals per gram o f protein that we consume.

24. PROTEINS Function: Transport molecules in and out of the cell. Control the speed of chemical reactions. Used for growth and repair. Support structure Combat/Defense bacteria and viruses Proteins make up the structure of living things… Hair, nails, skin, bones, muscle are all built by protein!

25. Support Structural proteins: Keratin – hair and nails Collagen – supports ligaments, tendons, and skin Silk – cocoons and spider webs

26. Proteins Elements : C-H-O-N Monomer (Building Block) : amino acids (20 different ones!) Polymer : Polypeptide Examples of proteins : hemoglobin in red blood cells, albumin in eggs, enzymes that control reactions in the body, and antibodies Found in : fish, eggs, meat NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!

27. Protein Structure Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N “R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino Acids! (so, each amino acid has something different in that spot)

28. Why are amino acids important? When groups of amino acids are joined together, a protein is formed. There are 20 kinds of amino acids. They consist of a carboxyl group (COOH ) and an amino group NH2. Peptide bonds form between amino acids (polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)

29. Amino acids Structure: central carbon ( α carbon) amino group carboxyl group (acid) R group (side chain) variable group confers unique chemical properties of the amino acid — N — H H C—OH || O R | —C— | H

30. Nonpolar amino acids nonpolar & hydrophobic

31. Polar amino acids polar or charged & hydrophilic

32. Primary (1°) structure Order of amino acids in chain amino acid sequence determined by gene (DNA) slight change in amino acid sequence can affect protein’s structure & it’s function even just one amino acid change can make all the difference!

33. (Non)Essential Amino Acids The essential amino acids (10) are those that our bodies cannot synthesize. We must obtain them from our dietary intake. histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine (and arginine in infants). The non-essential A.A. (10) can be synthesized in our bodies from breakdown products of metabolism. They are:

34. Each amino acid, aside from its name, has a three letter abbreviation and a one letter code.

35. Functions of Amino Acids Some amino acids are converted to carbohydrates and are called as glucogenic amino acids. (b) Specific amino acids give rise to specialized products, e.g. • Tyrsione forms hormones such as thyroid hormones, (T3, T4), epinephrine and norepinephrine and a pigment called melanin. • Tryptophan can synthesize a vitamin called niacin. • Glycine, arginine and methionine synthesize creatine.

36. Glycine and cysteine help in synthesis of Bile salts. • Glutamate, cysteine and glycine synthesis glutathione. • Histidine changes to histamine on decarboxylation. • Serotonin is formed from tryptophan . Some amino acids such as glycine and cysteine are used as detoxicants. Functions of Amino Acids

37. Essential Amino Acids 10 in number, Can’t be synthesized in the body, essential to be taken in diet. Their deficiency affects growth, health and protein synthesis. Semi-essential formed in the body but not in sufficient amount for body requirements especially in children. Arginine and histidine are semi-essential. Non-essential can be synthesized in the body. Functions of Amino Acids

38. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong.

39. #4: NUCLEIC ACIDS These biomolecules are not necessarily from food.

40. NUCLEIC ACIDS Function : Provide our genetic information Holds the instructions to make proteins. Elements: C-H-O-N-P Monomer : nucleotides A nucleotide is made up of: Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U Polymer : DNA, RNA and ATP Genetic code! Recipe for proteins Energy carrier

41. STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACID

42. Nucleotides link together to form nucleic acids. The sugars bind to the phosphate groups to form the backbone of the chain.

43. DNA is two strands of nucleotides side-by-side. What is the type of bond that forms the cross-links holding the two strands together?

44. Take a minute to find the word that does NOT belong.